Avaliação de briquetes produzidos a partir da mistura de resíduos de casca da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) e da serragem de jacarandá (Dalbergia sp.) para fins energéticos / Evaluation of briquettes produced from Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) bark waste mixture and rosewood (Dalbergia sp.) Sawdust for energy purposes

O presente estudo busca analisar o potencial energético, quanto da liberação de calor a partir da combustão de resíduos de biomassa, briquetados da casca da castanha-do-brasil misturados a serragem da madeira de jacarandá, sendo estes em modelos experimentais. Especificamente, analisou-se as características mecânicas e físico-químicas para aferição do potencial energético dos briquetes produzidos.  As consecuções dos ensaios ocorreram por meio de um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC) de um único fator com 11 tratamentos (escalonados na mistura das biomassas) e 5 repetições. Os parâmetros definidos para a produção dos briquetes foram: pressão de compactação de 15 toneladas, granulometria única de 7 mesh (tamanho dos grãos menores ou iguais a 2,83 mm), temperatura ambiente de 26 ºC e tempo de prensagem de 120 segundos. Na caracterização mecânica identificou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas a 5% entre os tratamentos para o PCS e resistência à compressão, dos quais, em ambos identificou-se relação inversa entre as variáveis e a quantidade de casca da castanha-do-brasil. Dentre os tratamentos, T6 (50% de cada biomassa) apresentou o maior potencial energético. Quanto a análise imediata, obteve-se TU de 10,35%, TC de 1,95%, TMV de 79,66%e TCF de 18,39%, valores que coadunam com a literatura.  

Self and other-informed altruism: evidence of the altruism as a personality trait

Este estudo reuniu evidências acerca do altruísmo como um traço de personalidade. Participaram 438pessoas, divididas igualmente entre respondentes e seus informantes. Estes responderam os seguintesinstrumentos: Escala de Altruísmo Autoinformado, Questionário de Gratidão, Escala de Disposição paraPerdoar e Escala de Desejabilidade Social, além de perguntas demográficas; os informantes deramrespostas aos instrumentos descrevendo quais eram as características dos respondentes. Os resultadosindicaram convergência das estruturas fatoriais e consistência interna da medida de altruísmo,constatando-se correlação entre as medidas auto e heteroinformadas, assim como um padrão deassociação congruente de suas pontuações com disposição para perdoar. Concluiu-se que existemevidências do altruísmo como um traço de personalidade, que independe de contexto situacional, estandosua medida dissociada de desejabilidade social.This study aimed to gather evidence on altruism as a personality trait. Participants were 438 people,equally divided into respondents and their informants. They completed the following instruments: SelfinformedScale of Altruism, Gratitude Questionnaire, Willingness to Forgive Scale, and SocialDesirability Scale, in addition to demographic questions. The informants responded as if they were therespondents. Results indicated convergence of the factor structure and reliability of the measure ofaltruism, verifying correlation between the self and other-informed measures of altruism as well as aconsistent pattern of association of their scores with those in willingness to forgive. In conclusion, thereis evidence of the altruism as a personality trait, independent of situational context, being its measuredissociated from social desirability

Níveis de ativação eletromiográfica em dois tipos de exercícios de hiperextensão reversa de quadril: um estudo piloto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por eletromiografia os níveis de atividade dos músculos glúteo máximo, semimembranoso e adutor magno nos exercícios de extensão do quadril em uma maca com os joelhos estendidos ou flexionados. Foram recrutados 10 voluntários, ativos, para realizar os exercícios em ordem aleatória, em única série de 3 repetições sem carga externa para avaliar a atividade eletromiográfica dos extensores do quadril. Os resultados foram processados com o auxílio do software GraphPad Prism 5, utilizando o teste ANOVA one-way e pós-teste de comparação de Tukey. Os dados revelaram que o semimembranoso apresentou maior Pico de ativação comparado ao adutor magno em ambos os exercícios, porém, sem diferença de atividade para os outros grupamentos. Além disso, no exercício com os joelhos flexionados o semimembranoso apresentou média de níveis de atividade significativamente superiores aos do adutor magno e das fibras inferiores do glúteo máximo, sem diferença para as fibras superiores do glúteo máximo. No exercício com os joelhos estendidos o semimembranoso e as fibras superiores do glúteo máximo apresentaram maior média de atividade comparado ao adutor magno, mas sem diferença para as fibras inferiores do glúteo máximo. Os resultados mostraram que a realização da extensão do quadril com joelho flexionado não resultou em diminuição da atividade do semimembranoso comparado ao exercício com joelho estendido e nem resultou em aumento da ativação das fibras superiores ou inferiores do glúteo máximo

ASSISTÊNCIA DA ENFERMAGEM NA UTI HUMANIZADA

The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is shown to be a hospital environment for critically complexpatients who manifest a recoverable clinical picture. Nursing care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is integralto patients. Elements and challenges of the practice of intensive care nurses hinder the implementation of humanization and impact on the quality of care. The objective of this work is to present through the analysis of the literature, nursing care in THE ICU and the challenges to provide humanized care. This is a qualitative literature review conducted in September 2022 in the Scientific Electronic Librany Online database. Descriptors standardized by the Descriptors in Health Sciences and crossed in a form were used to perform the selection of articles. Nursing professionals perform numerous activities, from the simplest to the most complex in the ICU. Challenges are faced daily to achieve the humanization of care effectively, recovery and well-being of patients.La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) se muestra como un entorno hospitalario para pacientes críticamente complejos que manifiestan un cuadro clínico recuperable. La atención de enfermería en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es parte integral de los pacientes. Los elementos y desafíos de la práctica de los enfermeros de terapia intensiva dificultan la implementación de la humanización y el impacto en la calidad de la atención. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar a través del análisis de la literatura, el cuidado de enfermería en la UTI y los desafíos para proporcionar cuidados humanizados. Esta es una revisión cualitativa de la literatura realizada en septiembre de 2022 en la base de datos Scientific Electronic Librany Online. Para realizar la selección de artículos se utilizaron descriptores estandarizados por los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud y cruzados en una forma. Los profesionales de enfermería realizan numerosas actividades, desde las más simples hasta las más complejas en la UCI. Los desafíos se enfrentan diariamente para lograr la humanización de la atención de manera efectiva, la recuperación y el bienestar de los pacientes.A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) mostra-se como um ambiente hospitalar para pacientes graves que manifestam um quadro clínico recuperável. Os cuidados de enfermagem em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) se dão de forma integral aos pacientes. Elementos e desafios da prática dos enfermeiros de terapia intensiva dificultam a implementação da humanização e impactam na qualidade da assistência. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar através da análise da literatura, a assistência de enfermagem em UTI e os desafios para prestar o cuidado humanizado. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, de modo qualitativa, realizada em setembro de 2022, na base de dados Scientific Eletronic Librany Online. Foram utilizados descritores padronizados pelo Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e cruzados num formulário para realizar a seleção dos artigos. Os profissionais de enfermagem realizam inúmeras atividades, desde as mais simples às mais complexas em UTI. Desafios são enfrentados diariamente para alcançar a humanização do cuidado de forma efetiva, recuperação e bem-estar dos pacientes.  A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) mostra-se como um ambiente hospitalar para pacientes graves que manifestam um quadro clínico recuperável. Os cuidados de enfermagem em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) se dão de forma integral aos pacientes. Elementos e desafios da prática dos enfermeiros de terapia intensiva dificultam a implementação da humanização e impactam na qualidade da assistência. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar através da análise da literatura, a assistência de enfermagem em UTI e os desafios para prestar o cuidado humanizado. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, de modo qualitativa, realizada em setembro de 2022, na base de dados Scientific Eletronic Librany Online. Foram utilizados descritores padronizados pelo Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e cruzados num formulário para realizar a seleção dos artigos. Os profissionais de enfermagem realizam inúmeras atividades, desde as mais simples às mais complexas em UTI. Desafios são enfrentados diariamente para alcançar a humanização do cuidado de forma efetiva, recuperação e bem-estar dos pacientes.

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Serological and infection statuses of dogs from a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the serological status of dogs living in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area and its correlation with the parasitological condition of the animals. METHODS Canine humoral response was evaluated using the sera of 134 dogs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry to detect parasites in the skin, lymph node, and spleen of the animals. The specific antibodies investigated were IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgE. RESULTS According to the parasitological, laboratory, and clinical findings, the dogs were placed into one of four groups: asymptomatic with (AP+, n = 21) or without (AP-, n = 36) Leishmania tissue parasitism and symptomatic with (SP+, n = 52) or without (SP-, n = 25) parasitism. Higher IgG and IgE levels were positively correlated with the infection condition and parasite load, but not with the clinical status. In all groups, total IgG was the predominant antibody, which occurred at the expense of IgG2 instead of IgG1. Most of the infected dogs tested positive for IgG (SP+, 98.1%; AP+, 95.2%), whereas this was not observed with IgE (SP+, 80.8%; AP+, 71.2%). The most relevant finding was the high positivity of the uninfected dogs for Leishmania-specific IgG (SP-, 60.0%; AP-, 44.4%), IgE (SP-, 44.0%; AP-, 27.8%), IgG1 (SP-, 28.0%; AP-, 22.2%), and IgG2 antibodies (SP-, 56.0%; AP-, 41.7%). CONCLUSIONS The serological status of dogs, as determined by any class or subclass of antibodies, did not accurately distinguish dogs infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi from uninfected animals. The inaccuracy of the serological result may impair not only the diagnosis, but also epidemiological investigations and strategies for visceral leishmaniasis control. This complex serological scenario occurring in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area highlights the challenges associated with canine diagnosis and points out the difficulties experienced by veterinary clinicians and coordinators of control programs

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution