Between rationality and justice : logic and judicial decisions

Orientador: Walter Alexandre CarnielliDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasResumo: Muito se fala na qualidade que possuiriam certas sentenças judiciais de serem "lógicas" em algum sentido. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo esclarecer e propor um possível sentido para esta qualidade quando referente a sentenças judiciais, e, secundariamente, analisar se, segundo o sentido adotado, poderiam realmente algumas sentenças judiciais serem lógicas, ou mesmo se todas o seriam. Para tanto, o trabalho parte da análise e adoção de uma particular proposta de demarcação da Lógica, qual seja, aquela que se dá pelo critério da formalidade. A adoção desta proposta traz consigo, além de uma grande quantidade de ferramentas analíticas fornecidas pela Lógica como assim concebida, o condão de mostrar que qualquer consideração sobre a relação entre Lógica e Direito _e profundamente determinada pela maneira como se concebe e se demarca o objeto do estudo lógico, constatação esta que tem sua importância enlevada quando tomamos em conta o fato de que um posicionamento consciente e claro ante tal demarcação frequentemente é omitido nos estudos de lógica jurídica no Brasil.Abstract: Much is said about a character that certain judicial decisions supposedly have, that of being "logical", in some sense. This work have as a goal to make clear and to propose a suitable meaning for this characther when it refers to judicial decisions, and, secondarily, to analyze if, acording to the meaning here adopted, some judicial decisions really could be thought of as being logical, or even if all of them could be so. To reach this goal, this work starts with the analysis and adoption of a particular proposal on the demarcation of Logic, the demarcation by the formality criterion. The adoption of this proposal brings on, besides the great amount of analitycal tools supplied by Logic so conceived, the advantage of showing that any consideration about the relation between Logic and Law is deeply determined by the way that is conceived the object of logical study. This remark gains importance when we consider the fact that a clear and conscient positioning about the cited concept of Logic seldomly is omited on the studies pertaining to the field of Law 's Logic in Brazil.MestradoMestre em Filosofi

Proteção de dados e instituições de ensino: o que fazer com dados de alunos?

O presente artigo objetiva compreender como as instituições de ensino superior (IES) no Brasil podem adequar rotinas e procedimentos internos de tratamento de dados de alunos à Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD). Parte-se do pressuposto de que a adequação de rotinas e de procedimentos de uma instituição a uma nova lei não é tarefa que demanda esforço de subsunção lógica apenas; na realidade, exige esforço criativo e negociado de adaptação. A partir do caso paradigmático da experiência de adequação da Fundação Getulio Vargas, este trabalho chegou à conclusão de que o tratamento de dados de alunos de uma IES pode se adequar à LGPD por meio da divisão didática de categorias de titulares, que variam conforme o tipo de relacionamento que o aluno tem com a instituição, e também da aplicação de regimes correspondentes de proteção de dados

Análise do Ambiente de Marketing: Um estudo aplicado em uma Cooperativa do Setor de Agronegócios da Região Centro-Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul

Get to know the environment in which it operates is, in today's market, in one of the most important strategies that can be adopted by organizations. In the case of cooperatives, the importance of application content is the same. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to conduct an environmental analysis, the micro level and in a cooperative of macro environmental farmers partners from the central-west of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The feasibility of the research took place through a case study and a field where researchers acted directly on the observation of phenomena. From the development of the marketing environment analysis of the cooperative can infer that the cooperative has a huge range of factors influencing and that, with the analysis, a systemic view can be applied for the establishment of actions that seek to increase the profitability and the consolidation of the cooperative in the market.Conhecer o ambiente no qual está inserida constitui-se, no mercado atual, em uma das mais importantes estratégias que podem ser adotadas pelas organizações. No caso das cooperativas, o teor de importância de aplicação é o mesmo. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi realizar uma análise ambiental, a nível micro e macroambiente, em uma cooperativa de agricultores parceiros da região centro-oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A viabilização da pesquisa se deu por meio de um estudo de caso acrescido de uma pesquisa de campo onde os pesquisadores atuaram diretamente na observação dos fenômenos. A partir do desenvolvimento da análise do ambiente de marketing da cooperativa pode-se inferir que a cooperativa possui uma enorme gama de fatores influenciadores e que, com a análise, uma visão sistêmica poderá ser aplicada em prol do estabelecimento de ações que busquem o aumento da lucratividade e a consolidação da cooperativa no mercado

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Rules as arguments: a logical analysis

A representação da inferência a partir de regras jurídicas, em Direito, tem como modelo padrão a definição de Alchourrón e Bulygin. Nesta tese, investigamos a adequação das operações Input/Output, de Makinson e van der Torre, ao papel de modelo de sistemas normativos jurídicos, levando em conta suas especificidades. A partir das operações Input/ Output, construímos uma nova operação que chamamos de Input/Output argumentativa, e a partir dela uma definição de sistema normativo. Esta operação é baseada na concepção de regras jurídicas como resultante de argumentação justificatória, de modo que nesta representação temos os argumentos e suas relações de ataques recíprocos levados à estrutura de um sistema normativo jurídico, gerando uma maneira de representar regras jurídicas e exceções explícitas em um mesmo sistema. Por fim, na Conclusão procuramos discutir de que maneira estes resultados formais colaboram na defesa da visão de que há uma complementaridade entre o raciocínio a partir de regras e a argumentação não dedutiva na solução de problemas jurídicos.The representation of inference from rules, in Law, has as a standard model the definition of Alchourrón and Bulygin. In this thesis, we investigated the suitability of the Input / Output operations, given by Makinson and van der Torre, to the role of modelling legal normative systems, taking into account their specificities. Based on Input / Output operations, we construct a new operation that we call argumentative Input / Output, and from there a normative system definition. This operation is based on the concept of legal rules as resulting from justificatory argumentation, so that in this representation we have the arguments and their relations of reciprocal attacks brought to the structure of a legal normative system, generating a way to represent legal rules and explicit exceptions in the same system. Finally, in Conclusion, we try to discuss in what way these formal results collaborate in the defense of the view that there is a complementarity between the reasoning from rules and the non deductive argumentation when solving juridical problems