10,868 research outputs found
Magnetic signatures of plasma-depleted flux tubes in the Saturnian inner magnetosphere
Initial Cassini observations have revealed evidence for interchanging magnetic flux tubes in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere. Some of the reported flux tubes differ remarkably by their magnetic signatures, having a depressed or enhanced magnetic pressure relative to their surroundings. The ones with stronger fields have been interpreted previously as either outward moving mass-loaded or inward moving plasma-depleted flux tubes based on magnetometer observations only. We use detailed multi-instrumental observations of small and large density depletions in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere from Cassini Rev. A orbit that enable us to discriminate amongst the two previous and opposite interpretations. Our analysis undoubtedly confirms the similar nature of both types of reported interchanging magnetic flux tubes, which are plasma-depleted, whatever their magnetic signatures are. Their different magnetic signature is clearly an effect associated with latitude. These Saturnian plasma-depleted flux tubes ultimately may play a similar role as the Jovian ones
The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects from a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation: large-scale properties and correlation with the soft X-ray signal
Using the results of a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of the
concordance LambdaCDM model, we study the global properties of the
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects, both considering the thermal (tSZ) and the
kinetic (kSZ) component. The simulation follows gravitation and gas dynamics
and includes also several physical processes that affect the baryonic
component, like a simple reionization scenario, radiative cooling, star
formation and supernova feedback. Starting from the outputs of the simulation
we create mock maps of the SZ signals due to the large structures of the
Universe integrated in the range 0 < z < 6. We predict that the Compton
y-parameter has an average value of (1.19 +/- 0.32) 10^-6 and is lognormally
distributed in the sky; half of the whole signal comes from z < 1 and about 10
per cent from z > 2. The Doppler b-parameter shows approximately a normal
distribution with vanishing mean value and a standard deviation of 1.6 10^-6,
with a significant contribution from high-redshift (z > 3) gas. We find that
the tSZ effect is expected to dominate the primary CMB anisotropies for l >~
3000 in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, while interestingly the kSZ effect dominates
at all frequencies at very high multipoles (l >~ 7 10^4). We also analyse the
cross-correlation between the two SZ effects and the soft (0.5-2 keV) X-ray
emission from the intergalactic medium and we obtain a strong correlation
between the three signals, especially between X-ray emission and tSZ effect
(r_l ~ 0.8-0.9) at all angular scales.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Minor
changes, added reference
Wide variation in susceptibility of transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C Isolates to protease inhibitors and association with in vitro replication efficiency
© 2016 The Author(s).The gag gene is highly polymorphic across HIV-1 subtypes and contributes to susceptibility to protease inhibitors (PI), a critical class of antiretrovirals that will be used in up to 2 million individuals as second-line therapy in sub Saharan Africa by 2020. Given subtype C represents around half of all HIV-1 infections globally, we examined PI susceptibility in subtype C viruses from treatment-naïve individuals. PI susceptibility was measured in a single round infection assay of full-length, replication competent MJ4/gag chimeric viruses, encoding the gag gene and 142 nucleotides of pro derived from viruses in 20 patients in the Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project acute infection cohort. Ten-fold variation in susceptibility to PIs atazanavir and lopinavir was observed across 20 viruses, with EC50 s ranging 0.71-6.95 nM for atazanvir and 0.64-8.54 nM for lopinavir. Ten amino acid residues in Gag correlated with lopinavir EC50 (p < 0.01), of which 380 K and 389I showed modest impacts on in vitro drug susceptibility. Finally a significant relationship between drug susceptibility and replication capacity was observed for atazanavir and lopinavir but not darunavir. Our findings demonstrate large variation in susceptibility of PI-naïve subtype C viruses that appears to correlate with replication efficiency and could impact clinical outcomes
Recommended from our members
An ASKAP Search for a Radio Counterpart to the First High-significance Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger LIGO/Virgo S190814bv
We present results from a search for a radio transient associated with the LIGO/Virgo source S190814bv, a likely neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger, with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. We imaged a 30 deg2 field at ÎT = 2, 9, and 33 days post-merger at a frequency of 944 MHz, comparing them to reference images from the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey observed 110 days prior to the event. Each epoch of our observations covers 89% of the LIGO/Virgo localization region. We conducted an untargeted search for radio transients in this field, resulting in 21 candidates. For one of these, AT2019osy, we performed multiwavelength follow-up and ultimately ruled out the association with S190814bv. All other candidates are likely unrelated variables, but we cannot conclusively rule them out. We discuss our results in the context of model predictions for radio emission from NSBH mergers and place constrains on the circum-merger density and inclination angle of the merger. This survey is simultaneously the first large-scale radio follow-up of an NSBH merger, and the most sensitive widefield radio transients search to-date
Revisiting the Long/Soft-Short/Hard Classification of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Fermi Era
We perform a statistical analysis of the temporal and spectral properties of
the latest Fermi gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to revisit the classification of GRBs.
We find that the bimodalities of duration and the energy ratio
(/Fluence) and the anti-correlation between spectral
hardness (hardness ratio (), peak energy and spectral index) and duration
() support the long/soft short/hard classification scheme for Fermi
GRBs. The anti-correlation strongly depends upon the spectral
shape of GRBs and energy bands, and the bursts with the curved spectra in the
typical BATSE energy bands show a tighter anti-correlation than those with the
power-law spectra in the typical BAT energy bands. This might explain why the
correlation is not evident for those GRB samples detected by
instruments like {\it Swift} with a narrower/softer energy bandpass. We also
analyze the intrinsic energy correlation for the GRBs with measured redshifts
and well defined peak energies. The current sample suggests
for short
GRBs, significantly different from that for long GRBs. However, both the long
and short GRBs comply with the same
correlation.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap
Simultaneous Dual Frequency Observations of Giant Pulses from the Crab Pulsar
Simultaneous measurements of giant pulses from the Crab pulsar were taken at
two widely spaced frequencies using the real-time detection of a giant pulse at
1.4 GHz at the Very Large Array to trigger the observation of that same pulse
at 0.6 GHz at a 25-m telescope in Green Bank, WV. Interstellar dispersion of
the signals provided the necessary time to communicate the trigger across the
country via the Internet. About 70% of the pulses are seen at both 1.4 GHz and
0.6 GHz, implying an emission mechanism bandwidth of at least 0.8 GHz at 1 GHz
for pulse structure on time scales of one to ten microseconds.
The arrival times at both frequencies display a jitter of 100 microseconds
within the window defined by the average main pulse profile and are tightly
correlated. This tight correlation places limits on both the emission mechanism
and on frequency dependent propagation within the magnetosphere.
At 1.4 GHz the giant pulses are resolved into several, closely spaced
components. Simultaneous observations at 1.4 GHz and 4.9 GHz show that the
component splitting is frequency independent. We conclude that the multiplicity
of components is intrinsic to the emission from the pulsar, and reject the
hypothesis that this is the result of multiple imaging as the signal propagates
through the perturbed thermal plasma in the surrounding nebula. At both 1.4 GHz
and 0.6 GHz the pulses are characterized by a fast rise time and an exponential
decay time which are correlated. The pulse broadening with its exponential
decay form is most likely the result of multipath propagation in intervening
ionized gas.Comment: LaTeX, 18 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in The
Astrophysical Journa
Fluid-membrane tethers: minimal surfaces and elastic boundary layers
Thin cylindrical tethers are common lipid bilayer membrane structures,
arising in situations ranging from micromanipulation experiments on artificial
vesicles to the dynamic structure of the Golgi apparatus. We study the shape
and formation of a tether in terms of the classical soap-film problem, which is
applied to the case of a membrane disk under tension subject to a point force.
A tether forms from the elastic boundary layer near the point of application of
the force, for sufficiently large displacement. Analytic results for various
aspects of the membrane shape are given.Comment: 12 page
The thermal SZ tomography
The thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect directly measures the thermal
pressure of free electrons integrated along the line of sight and thus contains
valuable information on the thermal history of the universe. However, the
redshift information is entangled in the projection along the line of sight.
This projection effect severely degrades the power of the tSZ effect to
reconstruct the thermal history. We investigate the tSZ tomography technique to
recover this otherwise lost redshift information by cross correlating the tSZ
effect with galaxies of known redshifts, or alternatively with matter
distribution reconstructed from weak lensing tomography. We investigate in
detail the 3D distribution of the gas thermal pressure and its relation with
the matter distribution, through our adiabatic hydrodynamic simulation and the
one with additional gastrophysics including radiative cooling, star formation
and supernova feedback. (1) We find a strong correlation between the gas
pressure and matter distribution, with a typical cross correlation coefficient
r ~ 0.7 at k . 3h/Mpc and z < 2. This tight correlation will enable robust
cross correlation measurement between SZ surveys such as Planck, ACT and SPT
and lensing surveys such as DES and LSST, at ~20-100{\sigma} level. (2) We
propose a tomography technique to convert the measured cross correlation into
the contribution from gas in each redshift bin to the tSZ power spectrum.
Uncertainties in gastrophysics may affect the reconstruction at ~ 2% level, due
to the ~ 1% impact of gastrophysics on r, found in our simulations. However, we
find that the same gastrophysics affects the tSZ power spectrum at ~ 40% level,
so it is robust to infer the gastrophysics from the reconstructed redshift
resolved contribution.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 appendices, accepted by Ap
Convoluted -cosine functions and semigroups. Relations with ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines
Convoluted -cosine functions and semigroups in a Banach space setting
extending the classes of fractionally integrated -cosine functions and
semigroups are systematically analyzed. Structural properties of such operator
families are obtained. Relations between convoluted -cosine functions and
analytic convoluted -semigroups, introduced and investigated in this paper
are given through the convoluted version of the abstract Weierstrass formula
which is also proved in the paper. Ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines
are connected with analytic convoluted semigroups and ultradistribution
semigroups. Several examples of operators generating convoluted cosine
functions, (analytic) convoluted semigroups as well as hyperfunction and
ultradistribution sines illustrate the abstract approach of the authors. As an
application, it is proved that the polyharmonic operator
acting on with appropriate boundary
conditions, generates an exponentially bounded -convoluted cosine
function, and consequently, an exponentially bounded analytic
-convoluted semigroup of angle for suitable
exponentially bounded kernels and $K_{n+1}.
A Holographic Model of Strange Metals
We give a review on our recent work arXiv:1006.0779 [hep-th] and
arXiv:1006.1719 [hep-th], in which properties of holographic strange metals
were investigated. The background is chosen to be anisotropic scaling solution
in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory with a Liouville potential. The effects of
bulk Maxwell field, an extra U(1) gauge field and probe D-branes on the DC
conductivity, the DC Hall conductivity and the AC conductivity are extensively
analyzed. We classify behaviors of the conductivities according to the
parameter ranges in the bulk theory and characterize conditions when the
holographic results can reproduce experimental data.Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, minor correction
- âŠ