Éthique environnementale, remédiation écologique et compensations territoriales : Entre antinomie et correspondances

La construction ou l’extension d’une infrastructure « impactante » peut justifier l’application négociée (ou non) de mesures de compensation.On en dénombre deux types principaux : les compensations écologiques, qui découlent de législations et conditionnent l’obtention des permis de construire et les compensations territoriales (ou socio-environnementales), qui se veulent plus inclusives. Or la légitimité du principe de remédiation environnementale est l’une des questions les plus débattues par l’éthique environnementale, car la compensation écologique sous-tend que l’homme se considère en capacité de recréer à l’identique un milieu qu’il a détruit. La compensation territoriale n’est pas moins contestée, parce qu’elle serait un moyen d’acheter le silence des riverains par l’octroi de mesures économiques.Toutefois le réagencement des compromis compensatoires et l’intégration de nouveaux acteurs dans les phases de concertation préalables obligent à ré-envisager les principes éthiques sous-jacents. L’approche qui prévaut désormais se veut plus respectueuse des exigences du développement durable. Le contrat compensatoire prend en compte un système territorial dans ses multiples dimensions. L’interaction entre nature et hommes est pensée comme une entreprise coopérative, où la restauration de la justice concerne aussi bien les riverains humains que non humains. Nonobstant, les questions d’interaction entre différentes échelles et d’accaparement du pouvoir dans le processus décisionnel restent irrésolues.The construction or the enlargement of an impacting facility can justify the resort to compensatory measures.Two main types can be analyzed: the ecological restoration that results from the implementation of national law or international conventions and are compulsory to obtain permits and authorizations (1), the community benefits more inclusive (2). The legitimacy of ecological compensation is a disputed and topical issue in the environmental ethics. As a matter of fact, this practice implies that man is able to recreate in the same way an ecosystem he destroyed. The community benefits are also contested, because they would be a way to silence the inhabitant in giving them economic compensation.However the renewal of compensation agreements and the involvement of new stakeholders in the previous phase of consultation compel us to revise the underlying ethical principles. This approach is more respectful of the sustainability guidelines. The compensation package takes also into account the features of the local and multidimensional system. The connections between nature and human beings take the way of cooperation to implement social and environmental justice.Yet some questions are not resolved: the interplay between geographical scales and the distribution/appropriation of power in the decision process

Les compromis compensatoires autour des plates-formes aéroportuaires : une comparaison Paris – Berlin – Los Angeles

La comparaison des processus de concertation/négociation en rapport avec trois aéroports internationaux (Paris Charles de Gaulle, Berlin Schönefeld, Los Angeles International), permet d’appréhender comment un ensemble de transactions s’effectue avec les communes périphériques, ainsi qu’avec différents acteurs de la société civile. Ces compromis compensatoires locaux, qui excèdent les indemnisations ou réparations usuellement octroyées aux riverains (insonorisation), posent toutefois la question de leur opérabilité à d’autres échelles, dans la mesure où, bien qu’ils instituent une certaine forme de “justice située”, ils n’incluent pas les acteurs se situant et oeuvrant à d’autres niveaux territoriaux.The comparison of participation processes in three international airports (Paris Charles de Gaulle, Berlin Schönefeld, Los Angeles International) offers the opportunity to understand how social and environmental transactions can intervene between host communities, developers and civil society. These benefits packages overcome the traditional way of repairing nuisance (indemnities, soundproofing). Yet their efficiency at different scales is questioned, as they implement a certain form of spatial justice but without including actors not directly located at the proximity of the impacting infrastructure

A call for systems epidemiology to tackle the complexity of schistosomiasis, its control, and elimination

Ever since the first known written report of schistosomiasis in the mid-19th century, researchers have aimed to increase knowledge of the parasites, their hosts, and the mechanisms contributing to infection and disease. This knowledge generation has been paramount for the development of improved intervention strategies. Yet, despite a broad knowledge base of direct risk factors for schistosomiasis, there remains a paucity of information related to more complex, interconnected, and often hidden drivers of transmission that hamper intervention successes and sustainability. Such complex, multidirectional, non-linear, and synergistic interdependencies are best understood by looking at the integrated system as a whole. A research approach able to address this complexity and find previously neglected causal mechanisms for transmission, which include a wide variety of influencing factors, is needed. Systems epidemiology, as a holistic research approach, can integrate knowledge from classical epidemiology, with that of biology, ecology, social sciences, and other disciplines, and link this with informal, tacit knowledge from experts and affected populations. It can help to uncover wider-reaching but difficult-to-identify processes that directly or indirectly influence exposure, infection, transmission, and disease development, as well as how these interrelate and impact one another. Drawing on systems epidemiology to address persisting disease hotspots, failed intervention programmes, and systematically neglected population groups in mass drug administration programmes and research studies, can help overcome barriers in the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination. Generating a comprehensive view of the schistosomiasis system as a whole should thus be a priority research agenda towards the strategic goal of morbidity control and transmission elimination

OS BASTIDORES DA METROPOLE Madeira: do recurso ao material. Um conjunto de visibilidade escolhido "

International audienceA madeira contribui na visibilidade e simboliza uma certa ideia de sustentabilidade; de um lado, esse material é adornado de todas as virtudes frente às mudanças climáticas, de outro, é considerado como uma maneira de mobilizar recursos “locais”, e, então, forma de encarnar uma certa economia circular (mobilização de competências locais, busca de novos horizontes para territórios que podem sofrer desindustrialização, declínio demográfico…). No entanto, o material provém de um recurso e de um sistema sociotécnico, invisível à olho nu, podendo, parcialmente, colocar em questão os pressupostos da cidade sustentável. O artigo explora essas tensões, enquanto analisa dois experimentos na região da Alsácia

Os bastidores da metropole. Madeira: do recurso ao material. Um conjunto de visibilidade escolhido "

A madeira contribui na visibilidade e simboliza uma certa ideia de sustentabilidade; de um lado, esse material é adornado de todas as virtudes frente às mudanças climáticas, de outro, é considerado como uma maneira de mobilizar recursos “locais”, e, então, forma de encarnar uma certa economia circular (mobilização de competências locais, busca de novos horizontes para territórios que podem sofrer desindustrialização, declínio demográfico…). No entanto, o material provém de um recurso e de um sistema sociotécnico, invisível à olho nu, podendo, parcialmente, colocar em questão os pressupostos da cidade sustentável. O artigo explora essas tensões, enquanto analisa dois experimentos na região da Alsácia

Le dispositif "devoirs faits" dans un collège REP+ : Structure et fonctions

International audienceThe "Homework Done" device consists in organizing, in an establishment, times and places that allow students to do their personal work with the assistance of a teacher or educational assistant. Since September 2018, we have been monitoring the implementation of this type of session at a REP+ College in Marseille, as part of a project that involves researchers and actors in the field. Our study is based on an ecological approach. In this article we address the following questions: How is this type of session implemented (from a structural point of view)? What didactic functions do sessions provide (functional point of view)? Didactic analyses of data (audio recordings of interviews with actors in the field and working meetings, video recordings of sessions) allow to highlight different structures and functions of the implemented sessions.Le dispositif « Devoirs Faits » au collège en France consiste à organiser dans un établissement des moments et des lieux qui permettent aux élèves de faire leur travail personnel en étant accompagnés par des intervenants (professeurs et/ou assistants d'éducation). Depuis septembre 2018, nous suivons la mise en place de ce type de dispositif dans un collège REP+ de Marseille dans le cadre d'un projet qui associe des chercheurs et des acteurs de terrain. Notre étude est menée à partir d'une approche écologique. Dans cet article nous nous intéressons aux questions suivantes : Comment les acteurs mettent-ils en oeuvre ce type de dispositif (point de vue structurel) ? Quelles fonctions didactiques les interventions assurent-elles (point de vue fonctionnel) ? Les analyses didactiques d'un corpus de données (enregistrements audio d'entretiens avec des acteurs et de réunions de travail conjoint entre intervenants et chercheurs, enregistrements vidéo de séances de « Devoirs faits ») permettent de mettre en évidence différentes structures et fonctions des dispositifs mis en oeuvre

Stromal fibroblasts support dendritic cells to maintain IL-23/Th17 responses after exposure to ionizing radiation

Dendritic cell function is modulated by stromal cells, including fibroblasts. Although poorly understood, the signals delivered through this crosstalk substantially alter dendritic cell biology. This is well illustrated with release of TNF-0/IL-113 from activated dendritic cells, promoting PGE2 secretion from stromal fibroblasts. This instructs dendritic cells to up-regulate IL-23, a key Th17-polarizing cytokine. We previously showed that ionizing radiation inhibited IL-23 production by human dendritic cells in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that dendritic cell-fibroblast crosstalk over¬comes the suppressive effect of ionizing radiation to support appropriately polarized Th17 responses. Radia¬tion (1–6 Gy) markedly suppressed IL-23 secretion by activated dendritic cells (P < 0.0001) without adversely impacting their viability and consequently, inhibited the generation of Th17 responses. Cytokine suppression by ionizing radiation was selective, as there was no effect on IL-10, -6, -10, and -27 or TNF-a and only a modest (11%) decrease in IL-12p70 secretion. Coculture with fibroblasts augmented IL-23 secretion by irradiated dendritic cells and increased Th17 responses. Impor¬tantly, in contrast to dendritic cells, irradiated fibroblasts maintained their capacity to respond to TNF-0/IL-10 and produce PGE2, thus providing the key intermediary signals for successful dendritic cell-fibroblasts crosstalk. In summary, stromal fibroblasts support Th17-polarizing cytokine production by dendritic cells that would other¬wise be suppressed in an irradiated microenvironment. This has potential ramifications for understanding the immune response to local radiotherapy. These findings underscore the need to account for the impact of microenvironmental factors, including stromal cells, in understanding the control of immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 100: 000–000; 2016

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Métaphore du programme génétique et problématisations de la différenciation cellulaire au cours du développement embryonnaire par des élèves de première scientifique

Cette étude analyse les problématisations d’élèves de première scientifique sur le concept de développement embryonnaire au cours d’un débat en classe. Afin d’éclairer l’analyse didactique du corpus, cette recherche propose une analyse épistémologique de problématisations du développement qui se rattachent au préformisme, à la théorie de l’épigénèse et à la théorie du darwinisme cellulaire. Cette dernière propose actuellement au sein de la communauté scientifique une problématisation du développement dans un cadre de pensée évolutionniste en mobilisant des explications causales probabilistes. Cette théorie émergente actuelle vient profondément renverser le paradigme du prédéterminisme génétique.Le « préformisme moléculaire » est un obstacle fondamental pour penser le développement dans un cadre évolutionniste. Il empêche de problématiser au sens où il contente le sujet par son apport tout assertorique qui ne questionne rien et fige la pensée. L’étude épistémologique nous a aidé à construire des repères pour mener l’analyse didactique de notre corpus. Le travail de problématisation des élèves leur a permis de construire des contraintes et des nécessités dans des registres explicatifs différents. Nous montrons comment le pointage de contradictions sur les modèles par les élèves leur permet de positionner le problème et comment cela participe du basculement des élèves dans un registre explicatif probabiliste darwinien.This paper studies pupil problem building around the subject of embryo development during an in-class debate between 16-17 year olds specialized in the sciences. To better understand the teaching procedure behind the study, it takes a scientific approach to the understanding of embryo development as pertains to preformism, to the epigenetic theory and to Darwin’s theory of natural selection but on a cellular level.In scientific circles this latter theory is currently putting forth evolutionist theories on embryo development based upon causal probability. This nascent theory has deeply shaken the foundations of genetic pre-determinism. “Molecular preformism” is a fundamental obstacle when theorizing on embryo development using evolutionist theories since it prevents any new problem building by leaving the speaker over-confident about his/her assertiveness while questioning nothing and inhibiting thought.This scientific study led to the creation of reference points to facilitate a teaching analysis of the subject. The pupils’s problem building allowed them to put up limits and identify needs on varying levels of explanation.This article shows how pupil identification of contradictions in models allowed them to better understand the problem and how it pushes them closer to the Darwinian view of probability.Diese Untersuchung analysiert die Problematisierungen des Konzepts der Embryonalentwicklung während einer Debatte im Unterricht mit Schülern einer mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen 12. Klasse. Um die didaktische Analyse des Korpus zu erläutern, bietet diese Untersuchung eine epistomologische Analyse der Entwicklungsproblematisierungen, die sich an der Präformationslehre, an der Theorie der Epigenese und an der Theorie des Darwinismus orientieren. Diese Theorie ermöglicht derzeitig in der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft eine Problematisierung der Entwicklung im Rahmen des evolutionistischen Denkens, indem sie probabilistische Ursachenerklärungen mobilisiert. Diese derzeit aufkommende Theorie wirft das Paradigma des genetischen Prädeterminismus um. Die « molekulare Präformationslehre » ist ein grundlegendes Hindernis, um sich die Entwicklung in einem evolutionstheoretischen Rahmen vorzustellen. Sie verhindert die Problematisierung, indem sie das Thema durch seinen assertorischen Beitrag abschließt, der nichts zu hinterfragen sucht und den Gedankengang von vornherein festlegt. Die epistomologische Untersuchung hat uns geholfen, Anhaltspunkte zu schaffen, um eine didaktische Aanlyse unseres Korpus durchzuführen. Die Problematisierungsarbeit hat den Schülern die Möglichkeit geboten, Einschränkungen und Notwendigkeiten mit verschiedenen Erklärungsmustern aufzubauen. Wir zeigen, inwiefern die Wertung der Widersprüche an den Modellen es ihnen erlaubt, das Problem einzuordnen und wie dies dazu beiträgt, dass die Schüler in ein darwinistisch probabilistisches Erklärungsmuster umschwenken.Este estudio analiza las problematizaciones de alumnos de Primero de bachillerato francés opción ciencias, sobre el concepto de desarrollo embrionario, durante un debate en clase. Para aclarar en análisis didáctico del corpus, esta investigación propone un análisis epistemológico de problematizaciones del desarrollo que se vinculan con el preformismo, con la teoría de la epigénesis y con la teoría del darvinismo celular. Ésta última propone actualmente, en el seno de la comunidad científica, una problematización del desarrollo en un marco de pensamiento evolucionista, movilizando explicaciones causales probabilistas. Esta teoría emergente actual viene a derrocar fuertemente el paradigma del pre determinismo genético.El preformismo molecular es un obstáculo fundamental para pensar el desarrollo en su marco evolucionista. Impide la problematización en el sentido en el que contenta al sujeto por su aportación exclusivamente asertórica que no cuestiona nada y deja paralizado el pensamiento. El estudio epistemológico nos ayudó a construir puntos de referencia para llevar a cabo el análisis didáctico de nuestro corpus. El trabajo de problematización de los alumnos les permitió construir obligaciones y necesidades en registros explicativos diferentes. Mostramos cómo la puesta en evidencia de contradicciones sobre los modelos por parte de los alumnos, les permite posicionar el problema y cómo esto participa en la migración de los alumnos a un registro explicativo probabilista darviniano