A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work

This paper seeks to advance research on interpersonal exchange relationships between supervisors, subordinates, and coworkers at work by integrating social exchange, workplace friendship, and climate research to develop a multi-level model. We tested the model using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) with data obtained from a sample of 215 manager–employee dyads working in 36 teams. At the individual level, leader–member exchange (LMX) was found to be related to workplace friendship. Further, workplace friendship was positively related to team–member exchange (TMX) and mediated the LMX–TMX relationship. At the team level, HLM results indicated that the relationship between LMX and workplace friendship was moderated by affective climate. These findings suggest that high-quality LMX relationships are associated with enhanced workplace friendship between employees, especially when the affective climate is strong

The Effects of Employees’ Creative Self-Efficacy on Innovative Behavior: The Role of Entrepreneurial Leadership

The present study explores the unique effect of entrepreneurial leadership on the relationship between employees' creative self-efficacy (CSE) and innovative behavior. Using multi-level data from multiple sources, namely, 66 middle-level managers and their 346 subordinates from a large Chinese multinational organization, the effect of CSE on innovative behavior was found to be more influential when employees work under a strong entrepreneurial leader in their team. We also found that entrepreneurial leadership exerts a stronger moderating effect on the CSE-innovative behavior link than transformational and participative leadership behaviors. Consistent with social cognitive theory, these results suggest that leaders who engage in the role modeling of entrepreneurial behaviors to employees and in directing employees toward identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities are more likely to foster innovative behavior among employees with higher levels of creative self-efficacy, than acting in a transformational manner or allowing employees to participate in decision-making