L'apport des nouvelles technologies dans l'évaluation du potentiel évolutif en population naturelle : le cas du chevreuil européen

Afin de comprendre si les populations naturelles peuvent faire face aux changements environnementaux, il est nécessaire d'évaluer si les individus sont capables de changer d'environnement ou de phénotype et si ces changements peuvent être génétiques et plastiques. Cela nécessite de mesurer la part de variation génétique des traits liés à la valeur sélective des individus, ce qui a été abordé par une approche de génétique quantitative. Disséquer les composantes de variance du comportement spatial peut améliorer la compréhension de la capacité des populations à s'adapter face aux changements environnementaux. En effet, le mouvement peut permettre de moduler l'hétérogénéité environnementale à laquelle les individus doivent faire face. Pourtant, peu d'études mesurent le potentiel évolutif du mouvement contrairement aux autres traits tels que les traits morphologiques ou d'histoire de vie. Une des principales raisons est que, jusqu'à récemment, il était particulièrement difficile de combiner à la fois des données d'apparentement et de comportement spatial pour des populations naturelles. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étendre les approches de génétiques quantitatives à l'écologie spatiale, grâce à l'apport synergique des données génomiques et de localisation spatiale des individus, cela afin d'évaluer le potentiel évolutif des comportements spatiaux en populations naturelles. Cette étude se déroule dans une population sauvage de chevreuils habitant un paysage hétérogène rythmé par la présence et l'activité humaine, de telles manières que les ressources de hautes qualités nutritives sont situées dans des endroits où le dérangement humain est fort. Ainsi il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent la gestion de ce compromis risque ressource par les individus. Dans un premier temps nous nous sommes penchés sur le problème de la mesure la variation génétique des traits, sans accès à un pedigree. Nous avons pu démontrer qu'il est possible d'obtenir des mesures d'héritabilité fiables et robustes avec approximativement 15 000 marqueurs SNPs, et cela sans avoir besoin de génome de référence. Dans un second temps, nous avons démontré que les comportementaux spatiaux et les traits morphologiques, qui sont directement impliqués dans le compromis risque-ressource, sont héritables. Ainsi, ces traits sont susceptibles d'évoluer en réponse à la sélection. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence que les chevreuils pouvaient répondre aux fluctuations temporelles de dérangement humain par une réponse plastique des traits de mouvement et d'utilisation de l'espace. Enfin, nous nous sommes aussi intéressés aux difficultés de mesurer le potentiel évolutif dans des conditions non contrôlées particulièrement dans le cas où les individus apparentés partagent de nombreuses sources de ressemblance phénotypiques. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la présence de similarité environnementale entre individus apparentés peut avoir une forte influence sur les estimations d'héritabilité des traits comportementaux. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi pu monter que ces ressemblances entre individus apparentés induites par l'environnement, pourraient être dûes en partie à des variations génétiques qui sous-tendent le choix de l'habitat au stade post-juvénile. La composition d'habitat des individus et le comportement spatial au sein de cet habitat sont corrélés génétiquement, ce qui suppose qu'ils ne peuvent pas évoluer indépendamment vis-à-vis de la sélection. Ces différents résultats suggèrent qu'il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre les mécanismes éco-évolutifs qui sous-tendent le choix de l'habitat et le mouvement des individus afin de prédire la dynamique évolutive des populations. Ce projet est une première étape vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent la gestion du compromis risque ressource et vers un cadre plus intégrateur pour comprendre l'impact des activités humaines sur le devenir des populations de chevreuils.To understand how wild populations cope with environmental changes it is necessary to know: their evolutionary potential to respond to selection, whether individuals can adjust their phenotypes by means of phenotypic plasticity, and whether individuals can change or adjust their environments. Answering this question requires quantifying the genetic (co)variance of fitness-related traits in the wild, which has traditionally been done using the quantitative genetics framework. By including movement and space-use behaviours in this framework, this work has the potential to improve our understanding of wild populations response to environmental changes, because movement is often one of the first behavioural responses to mediate environmental heterogeneity. Little is known about the evolutionary potential of spatial behaviour in the wild in comparison to other fitness-related traits (e.g. morphological or life-history traits). This might certainly be due to the difficulty to combine spatial behaviour data with genetic data in wild populations. Here, we extended the quantitative genetics framework to investigate the evolutionary potential of spatial behaviour in the wild by combining high throughput data technologies (i.e. genome-wide data and biologging). My objective was to clarify - to some extent - the complex role that the environment plays in shaping the phenotypic variation, by studying a free-ranging roe deer population inhabiting a human-dominated landscape that has been extensively modified by human activities such that high quality foraging resources occur in locations where human disturbance is also high. Hence, understanding mechanisms underlying the management of risk avoidance-resource acquisition trade-off by roe deer is essential to understand their ability to persist facing environmental changes. This work innovates by addressing the problem of quantifying the genetic variation of fitness-related traits in non-model organisms without access to a multigenerational pedigree. We demonstrated the huge potential of genomic-based relatedness for estimating quantitative genetic parameters in free-ranging populations. We showed that robust heritability estimates can be obtained from approximately 15'000 SNPs markers in species where no prior genomic resources were available. We demonstrated that movement, space-use behaviours and morphological traits, which are directly linked to the risk-avoidance resource acquisition trade-off, were heritable and thus, have the potential to evolve in response to selection. We also demonstrated that roe deer have the potential to respond to temporal fluctuations in risk through the plastic response of movement and space-use behaviours. We addressed the complexity of quantitative genetic approaches in uncontrolled conditions in the presence of environmental sources of phenotypic resemblance between related individuals. This form of environmental similarity might greatly influence estimates of genetic variation for behavioural traits. Yet, environmental similarity might be the outcome of habitat choice which itself may have a genetic basis. Indeed, our results showed that the environment experienced by individuals (chosen at the post-juvenile stage) can have a genetic basis and therefore have the potential to evolve by means of natural selection. Furthermore, habitat composition and spatial behaviour tend to be genetically correlated, indicating that they cannot evolve independently in response to selection. Our findings call for further understanding of the eco-evolutionary mechanisms underlying animals' habitat choice and spatial behaviour in studies of the evolutionary dynamics of wild populations. This project is a step towards a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the risk avoidance-resource acquisition trade-off and the beneficial and detrimental impacts of human activities on roe deer

La création, le numérique et la médiathèque

Organisé par l’IUT Michel de Montaigne, la médiathèque de Gradignan et l’agence Écla-Aqutaine, ce 18e colloque a mis en évidence les enjeux auxquels doivent faire face les médiathèques dans l’environnement numérique. Cette nouvelle donne économique, sociale et culturelle impose un positionnement clair de nos établissements pour mieux répondre aux besoins de nos usagers

Relation between Tunneling and Particle Production in Vacuum Decay

The field-theoretical description of quantum fluctuations on the background of a tunneling field $\sigma$ is revisited in the case of a functional Schrodinger approach. We apply this method in the case when quantum fluctuations are coupled to the $\sigma$ field through a mass-squared term, which is 'time-dependent' since we include the dynamics of $\sigma$ . The resulting mode functions of the fluctuation field, which determine the quantum state after tunneling, display a previously unseen resonance effect when their mode number is comparable to the curvature scale of the bubble. A detailed analysis of the relation between the excitations of the field about the true vacuum (interpreted as particle creation) and the phase shift coming from tunneling is presented.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PR

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of RealConsent2.0: a web‑based intervention to promote prosocial alcohol‑involved bystander behavior in young men

Background Sexual violence (SV) is a significant, global public health problem, particularly among young adults. Promising interventions exist, including prosocial bystander intervention programs that train bystanders to intervene in situations at-risk for SV. However, these programs suffer from critical weaknesses: (1) they do not address the proximal effect of alcohol use on bystander decision-making and (2) they rely on self-report measures to evaluate outcomes. To overcome these limitations, we integrate new content specific to alcohol use within the context of prosocial bystander intervention into an existing, evidence-based program, RealConsent1.0. The resulting program, RealConsent2.0, aims to facilitate bystander behavior among sober and intoxicated bystanders and uses a virtual reality (VR) environment to assess bystander behavior in the context of acute alcohol use. Methods This protocol paper presents the design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which we evaluate RealConsent2.0 for efficacy in increasing alcohol- and non-alcohol-involved bystander behavior compared to RealConsent1.0 or to an attention-control program (“Taking Charge”). The RCT is being implemented in Atlanta, GA, and Lincoln, NE. Participants will be 605, healthy men aged 21–25 years recruited through social media, community-based flyers, and university email lists. Eligible participants who provide informed consent and complete the baseline survey, which includes self-reported bystander behavior, are then randomized to one of six conditions: RealConsent2.0/alcohol, RealConsent2.0/ placebo, RealConsent1.0/alcohol, RealConsent1.0/placebo, Taking Charge/alcohol, or Taking Charge/placebo. After completing their assigned program, participants complete a laboratory session in which they consume an alcohol (target BrAC: .08%) or placebo beverage and then engage in the Bystanders in Sexual Assault Virtual Environments (BSAVE), a virtual house party comprising situations in which participants have opportunities to intervene. Self-reported bystander behavior across alcohol and non-alcohol contexts is also assessed at 6- and 12-months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes include attitudes toward, outcome expectancies for, and self-efficacy for bystander behavior via self-report. Discussion RealConsent2.0 is the first web-based intervention for young men that encourages and teaches skills to engage in prosocial bystander behavior to prevent SV while intoxicated. This is also the first study to assess the proximal effect of alcohol on bystander behavior via a VR environment

Disturbed sleep is associated with reduced verbal episodic memory and entorhinal cortex volume in younger middle-aged women with risk-reducing early ovarian removal

INTRODUCTION: Women with early ovarian removal (&lt;48 years) have an elevated risk for both late-life Alzheimer's disease (AD) and insomnia, a modifiable risk factor. In early midlife, they also show reduced verbal episodic memory and hippocampal volume. Whether these reductions correlate with a sleep phenotype consistent with insomnia risk remains unexplored.METHODS: We recruited thirty-one younger middleaged women with risk-reducing early bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO), fifteen of whom were taking estradiol-based hormone replacement therapy (BSO+ERT) and sixteen who were not (BSO). Fourteen age-matched premenopausal (AMC) and seventeen spontaneously peri-postmenopausal (SM) women who were ~10y older and not taking ERT were also enrolled. Overnight polysomnography recordings were collected at participants' home across multiple nights (M=2.38 SEM=0.19), along with subjective sleep quality and hot flash ratings. In addition to group comparisons on sleep measures, associations with verbal episodic memory and medial temporal lobe volume were assessed.RESULTS: Increased sleep latency and decreased sleep efficiency were observed on polysomnography recordings of those not taking ERT, consistent with insomnia symptoms. This phenotype was also observed in the older women in SM, implicating ovarian hormone loss. Further, sleep latency was associated with more forgetting on the paragraph recall task, previously shown to be altered in women with early BSO. Both increased sleep latency and reduced sleep efficiency were associated with smaller anterolateral entorhinal cortex volume.DISCUSSION: Together, these findings confirm an association between ovarian hormone loss and insomnia symptoms, and importantly, identify an younger onset age in women with early ovarian removal, which may contribute to poorer cognitive and brain outcomes in these women.</p

Resultados de la tercera temprada de campo 2001 del proyecto Peten noroccidente - La Joyanca, la libertad, Peten

International audienceSe presenta la información arqueológica y geográfica más reciente recuperada en el Noroccidente de Petén a través de investigaciones sistemáticas realizadas tanto en el centro y la periferia del sitio arqueológico La Joyanca como en la región circundante, proponiendo una visión de carácter local y regional. En general, ha existido una laguna de información y excavaciones en esta región de la tierras bajas mayas. Dichas investigaciones aqui resumidas en la presente ponencia aportan nuevos datos sobre las formas del asentamiento de La Joyanca, una "ciudad" de tercer orden, y de otros sitios estudiados en la región

Activity of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in NSCLC With Refractory Leptomeningeal Metastases

International audienc

Cost Evaluation of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling (MITS) Implementation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face disproportionately high mortality rates, yet the causes of death in LMICs are not robustly understood, limiting the effectiveness of interventions to reduce mortality. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a standardized postmortem examination method that holds promise for use in LMICs, where other approaches for determining cause of death are too costly or unacceptable. This study documents the costs associated with implementing the MITS procedure in LMICs from the healthcare provider perspective and aims to inform resource allocation decisions by public health decisionmakers. METHODS: We surveyed 4 sites in LMICs across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia with experience conducting MITS. Using a bottom-up costing approach, we collected direct costs of resources (labor and materials) to conduct MITS and the pre-implementation costs required to initiate MITS. RESULTS: Initial investments range widely yet represent a substantial cost to implement MITS and are determined by the existing infrastructure and needs of a site. The costs to conduct a single case range between $609 and$1028 per case and are driven by labor, sample testing, and MITS supplies costs. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in each site's use of staff roles and testing protocols suggests sites conducting MITS may adapt use of resources based on available expertise, equipment, and surveillance objectives. This study is a first step toward necessary examinations of cost-effectiveness, which may provide insight into cost optimization and economic justification for the expansion of MITS

The CADM1 tumor suppressor gene is a major candidate gene in MDS with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to peripheral cytopenias and in a substantial proportion of cases to acute myeloid leukemia. The deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11, del(11q), is a rare but recurrent clonal event in MDS. Here, we detail the largest series of 113 cases of MDS and myelodysplastic syndromes/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) harboring a del(11q) analyzed at clinical, cytological, cytogenetic, and molecular levels. Female predominance, a survival prognosis similar to other MDS, a low monocyte count, and dysmegakaryopoiesis were the specific clinical and cytological features of del(11q) MDS. In most cases, del(11q) was isolated, primary and interstitial encompassing the 11q22-23 region containing ATM, KMT2A, and CBL genes. The common deleted region at 11q23.2 is centered on an intergenic region between CADM1 (also known as Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer 1) and NXPE2. CADM1 was expressed in all myeloid cells analyzed in contrast to NXPE2. At the functional level, the deletion of Cadm1 in murine Lineage-Sca1+Kit+ cells modifies the lymphoid-to-myeloid ratio in bone marrow, although not altering their multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution potential after syngenic transplantation. Together with the frequent simultaneous deletions of KMT2A, ATM, and CBL and mutations of ASXL1, SF3B1, and CBL, we show that CADM1 may be important in the physiopathology of the del(11q) MDS, extending its role as tumor-suppressor gene from solid tumors to hematopoietic malignancies

Open-source games for health, multiplayer and gamepads. Co-creating fun care with children with asthma, young adults with cystic fibrosis, elders with COPD

Without air pollution, our life expectancy would increase by 34 months. With a commons-based economy, each and every human could afford medical care (vs one in two today). How not to produce risks? How to foster mutual care? We, people across regions and disciplines, get engaged to value pluralism and collective wisdom. We embrace play as a natural way to experiment, socialize, learn. We document and share our work so that everyone can freely use, study, improve, adapt it. In traditional medtech, corporate experts build a technical tool to manage a disease. Sealed in a black box, its price make it unaffordable to some. At Breathing Games, volunteer, diverse contributors co-create an evolving, rewarding, immersive story to promote holistic health. Free to use, study, improve, its gratuity helps develop solidarity. We present here our games (Asthma Heroes, Asthmonautes, Rise); controllers (Spirotroller enhanced, Spirotroller gaming, Breathing gamepad); creation as research (game testing, controller testing, games co-creation, translations); our next steps (international study, game accessibility via Raspberry Pi, link to air pollution sensor); and our advocacy activities for health as commons