Bodipy-based photosensitizers with long alkyl tails at the meso position: efficient singlet oxygen generation in Cremophor-EL micelles

Bodipy dyes with n-decyloxyphenyl-(4, 5) and pentadecyl-(8) meso substituents can easily embed themselves into micellar structures formed from Cremophor-EL. In micelles of approximately 20 nm median size, heavy-atom substituted dyes show remarkable photosensitization properties as evidenced by the rate of reaction with an anthracene-based selective singlet oxygen trap in buffered aqueous solutions. Considering the ease of Bodipy derivatization and the advantages of Cremophor-EL carried therapeutic agents, these photosensitizing agents may offer novel targeting opportunities and enhanced chemical and photophysical stability. © 2016 Elsevier Lt

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Butenolide annelation using a manganese(III) oxidation. A synthesis of 4-arylfuran-2(5H)-ones

A general procedure was developed for the annelation of a butenolide to an aromatic ketone that highlighted a manganese(III) oxidation of aromatic ketones. The oxidation of aromatic ketones with manganese(III) acetate in the presence of 2;bromoacetic acid or the Mn(II) salt of this carboxylic acid provided a regioselectively convenient synthesis of 2-(2-bromoacetoxy) ketones. An Arbuzov or Wittig reaction of 2-(2-bromoacetoxy) ketones followed by cyclisation furnished 4-arylfuran-2(5H)-ones in good yield. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. Ail rights reserved

Load distribution on the foot and lofstrand crutches of amputee football players

Background: Amputee football is a worldwide popular sport with positive physical and psychological effects on the disabled. Amputee players use their hands dominantly for locomotion. However, the effect of using upper extremity which is not accommodated to loading is not very well known. Research question: The objective of this study was to determine the load distribution of amputee football players during walking, running and kicking the ball. Methods: This study was conducted with 15 certified amputee football players (age 24.5 +/- 5.8 years, body weight 62.3 +/- 10.9 kg, height 171.6 +/- 7.7 cm). The loads on their non-amputated lower extremity were measured with F-Scan mobile system sensors inserted in their shoes, and the loads on their upper extremities were measured with F-Grip system sensors affixed to the gloves. The participants were asked to walk, run and kick the ball using Lofstrand Crutches. Results: The maximum loading on the upper extremities during walking, running and kicking the ball varied between 111% and 175% of the body weight. While loading during walking and running was similar, the loading on the upper extremity during kicking the ball exceeded that of walking by 58.1% and running by 47.4%. The maximum loading on the non-amputated lower extremity varied between 134% and 196% of the body weight. Loading during running was 46.2% higher than that of walking. The loading on the foot during kicking the ball was 45.7% higher than that of walking. The loading on the foot during running and kicking were similar. Significance: Walking-running-kicking the ball with LC resulted in unusual loading particularly on the upper extremity. During running, the increased loading was transferred to the foot rather than the hands. During kicking, the loading increased extremely and was mainly transferred to the hands. The frequent repetition of kicking during the game may therefore increase the incidence of upper extremity injuries