A supply and demand model of bilateral trade in a multicountry framework

This study develops a practical supply and demand model of bilateral trade flows. The model is constructed in two tiers. First, aggregate import demand and aggregate export supply are determined from aggregate economic relations that contain real income (output) and relative prices. Second, bilateral import demand and bilateral export supply are determined from theory-based allocation relations. By differentiating import prices from export prices, the analysis incorporates international transportation costs and tariffs. The result is a simultaneous system that determines bilateral trade flows and bilateral prices given country incomes, domestic price levels and international transmission factors. The model in dynamic form is estimated from a panel of bilateral trade flows for five major OECD countries (United States, Japan, France, West Germany, United Kingdom) for the years 1958-1971. The model has many applications, e.g. in the analyses of the impacts on trade flows of differential economic growth rates and tariff policies. These policy aspects figure prominently in the current discussions among the major OECD countries.

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Short-Term Indicators of Job Training Program Effects on Long-Term Participant Earnings

This study assesses the validity of alternative short-term indicators used to predict long-term earnings effects from participation in employment and training programs. The Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey of CETA participants who enrolled in FY 1976 is utilized to estimate the net program impacts on participant earnings in 1977-1979. These estimated impacts serve as a criterion for assessing candidate short-term indicators based on participant outcomes at termination and in the subsequent three to nine months. Among the empirical findings, placement at termination is the key indicator of program performance, and short-term employment and earnings outcomes add significant information about long-term earnings effects, beyond that contained in immediate outcomes. The policy implications for the implementation of performance standards under JTPA are traced.U.S . Department of Labor, Employment and Training AdministrationRay Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resource

Tax Equity in the Unemployment Insurance Program of Texas

To what extent does the UI tax structure in Texas produce an equitable distribution of benefit-costs among employers? In examining this broad policy concern, the present study focuses on the following set of basic research questions: Ql: What is the meaning of tax equity in a social insurance system for unemployed workers? Q2: How does UI tax equity relate to the degree of experience rating for individual employers? Q3: What are the appropriate measures of UI tax equity to assess a state UI program? Q4: To what extent does UI tax equity vary by industry major group and division? QS: To what extent does UI tax equity vary by business size, wage level, and age? Q6: How has the 1984 reform of the UI tax structure in Texas affected tax equity?The Texas Employment CommissionRay Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resource

Employment and Training Program Performance: Long-Term Earnings Effects and Short-Term Indicators

This study assesses the validity of short-term indicators used to predict long-term net earnings effects from participation in employment and training programs. For a sample of about 800 adult women who entered CETA in 1975, net program impacts on participant earnings in 1976-1977 are estimated using an earnings function and comparison group framework, and then the estimated net impacts are employed to assess the short-term indicators. The Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey provides the participant data, and the current Population Survey furnishes comparison cases. Among the empirical findings, employment intensity (percentage of days worked in post-program period), by itself and especially in combination with the wage rate, is a highly useful performance indicator to accompany the placement indicator used in current practice.Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resource

Short-Term Indicators of Job Training Program Performance: Policy Issues, Past Studies, and Research Agenda

This paper is the start of an empirical study of short-term indicators of long-term job training program performance. The indicators to be assessed include job placement at program termination and employment experiences in the one to nine months following termination; long-term performance is measured in terms of earnings during the first three post-program years. The paper develops the basic policy issues surrounding performance indicators under the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982, summarizes past studies of performance indicators and related program evaluations, and presents a broad design for the proposed empirical analysis.U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training AdministrationRay Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resource