Bewysreg in die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsreg

Summaries in Afrikaans and EnglishText in AfrikaansIn hierdie proefskrif word daar gekonsentreer op die bewyslas in die nywerheidshof omdat die nywerheidshof se benadering met betrekking tot die bewyslas verskil van geval tot gevaL afhangende van die aard van die regshulp waarvoor die party je die nywerheidshof nader. In die tweede plek volg 'n bespreking van hoe en deur wie die voorlegging van getuienis aan die nywerheidshof mag geskied, hetsy by wyse van dokumente of getuies en daarbenewens oak 'n bespreking van watter soort getuienis aan die nywerheidshof voorgele mag word met spesifieke verwysing na inter alia, klankopnames, videobande en die resultate van leuenverklikkertoetse.In this thesis there will be concentrated on the burden of proof in the industrial court because the industrial court's approach in regard to the burden of proof differs from case to case, depending on the nature of the legal aid for which the party /ies approaches the industrial court. In the second place a discussion will follow of how and by whom the presenting of evidence can be done, whether by documents or by witnesses, and in addition thereto also a discussion on which sort of evidence can be presented to the industrial court with specific reference to, inter alia, taperecordings, video tapes and the results of lie-detector tests.Private LawLL.M. (Handelsreg

Gautrain: successful implentation of socio economic development objectives

Paper presented at the 31st Annual Southern African Transport Conference 9-12 July 2012 "Getting Southern Africa to Work", CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.The objective of the South African Government is to use major infrastructure projects as vehicles to enhance economic development, growth and job creation and to address past inequalities and imbalances most notably in socio-economic development (SED). The Gautrain Rapid Rail Link is breaking new ground to ensure that specific SED objectives are met. Gautrain introduced a fourth cornerstone; over and above the normal technical, financial and legal perspectives, and adopted an innovative process to secure the commitment of the Concessionaire to SED objectives. From the performance to date it is evident that the Concessionaire embraced the SED philosophy, that all project activities are undertaken with due consideration of the SED objectives, and that Gautrain has made a significant contribution to SED and sustainable transportation in Gauteng and in South Africa.This paper was transferred from the original CD ROM created for this conference. The material was published using Adobe Acrobat 10.1.0 Technology. The original CD ROM was produced by Document Transformation Technologies Postal Address: PO Box 560 Irene 0062 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 667 2074 Fax: +27 12 667 2766 E-mail: nigel@doctech URL: http://www.doctech.co.zadm201

Influence of lactation on the prolactin secreting cells of the hypophysis of impala (Aepyceros melampus): An immunocytochemical and computer image analysis study

Acute stress in the course of wildlife management has been intensively investigated. Chronic stress, on the contrary, has not been researched at all, probably due to the difficulty in measuring it as a result of the overriding effect of the physiological response to the restraining of wild animals. It was therefore decided to evaluate the use of immunocytochemistry, combined with computer image analysis to try and determine the magnitude of the structural changes of various hormone-secreting cells of the hypophysis. Since it was a pilot study to determine whether the combination of immunocytochemistry with computer image analysis could be of value to distinguish between two normally diverse groups, it was decided to compare the relative activity of prolactin secreting cells of lactating and nonlactating impala ewes. After transforming the prolactin immunoreactive area data by log10 to fall inside the parameters for kurtosis and skewness, a significant difference (P < 0,05, 5-% level, 2-tail) with the parametric t-test could be shown between the mean prolactin immunoreactive area of lactating (3,0751 µm2) and non-lactating (3,0467 µm2) ewes. However, the Pearson product moment (r= 0,03) showed that this difference may not be important for all practical reasons. This may be due to either sampling errors or limitations of computer image analysis, as it was often difficult to distinguish individual prolactin immunoreactive areas. Furthermore, a significant increase in the total prolactin immunoreactive areas of lactating ewes was also established. This technique, however, could distinguish between the hypophyses of lactating and non-lactating impala ewes, and with further refinement could be a useful tool in determining chronic stress in wildlife populations.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.9 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

Geometrical relations between the Transvaal Supergroup, the Rooiberg Group, and the mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex: a discussion (S.Afr. J. Geol., 101, 275-279)

In his paper on the geometrical relations between the Transvaal Supergroup and the Bushveld Complex, Cawthorn ( 1998) argues that there is ·no need to infer a considerable period of pre-Rooiberg Group erosion prior to emplacement of the Bushveld Complex-Rooiberg volcanic rocks. He further suggests that a significant time interval between the Pretoria and Rooiberg Groups is now common knowledge, but that the extent of Pretoria Group erosion before Rooiberg volcanism is unknown. We note that these two proposals of Cawthorn (1998) are not readily compatible: a considerable time gap should in fact promote a reasonable amount of weathering and erosion between the deposition of the two groups. We wish to contribute positively to the debate on the relationship· of the Transvaal and Bushveld rocks by qualifying the proppsals of Cawthorn (1998) on the basis of the evidence presented below.http://sajg.geoscienceworld.orgam2019Geolog

The study and design of a national supply chain for the aerospace titanium components manufacturing industry

CITATION: Van der Merwe, L., Ruthven, G. A. & Von Leipzig, K. 2012. The study and design of a national supply chain for the aerospace titanium components manufacturing industry. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 6(1):15-34, doi:10.4102/jtscm.v6i1.29.The original publication is available at http://www.jtscm.co.zaTitanium’s strength-to-density ratio, corrosion resistance and high thermal compatibility makes it the perfect metal for aerospace. Titanium is for instance used for the structural airframe, seat tracks, engine components and landing gear of aircraft. The Boeing 787 that had its test flight in 2009 is one of the latest aircraft designs that incorporates a substantially higher percentage of parts manufactured from titanium due to the weight benefit. Titanium’s extensive use in aerospace applications ensures that the aerospace market is the main driver of titanium metal demand. South Africa is the second largest titanium producer in the world after Australia. The abundance of titanium in South Africa together with the growing demand has led it to be identified as a beneficiation priority in a collaborative government initiative, called Titanium Beneficiation Initiative (TBI). The purpose of this paper is to develop a supply chain model for the anticipated South African titanium component manufacturing industry.http://www.jtscm.co.za/index.php/jtscm/article/view/29Publisher's versio

The influence of fire on rodent abundance at the N'washitshumbe enclosure site, Kruger National Park, South Africa

The relative population numbers of rodents were studied in nine habitats in and outside the N’washitshumbe enclosure site, Kruger National Park, before and after burning the firebreaks that surround the enclosure. Trap success was exceptionally high, and the field work is suspected to have coincided with a Mastomys population explosion. This genus dominated the small mammal communities before and after the burn, and never disappeared from the burnt patches. Its numbers also did not crash directly after the burn, as have been reported in most other studies. Movement from the burnt areas was observed, which may have had a significant impact on the numbers of rodents caught both inside the enclosure and in the more natural areas outside. Our study suggests that fire can be investigated as a tool to keep rodent densities down in areas where they are nuisance animals, especially when used in conjunction with models that forecast outbreaks of Mastomys. It also emphasizes the value of long-term studies informing management strategies for animal damage control and biodiversity and ecosystem conservation.http://www.bioone.org/loi/afzoab201

Traditional Norwegian Kveik Are a Genetically Distinct Group of Domesticated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Brewing Yeasts

The widespread production of fermented food and beverages has resulted in the domestication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts specifically adapted to beer production. While there is evidence beer yeast domestication was accelerated by industrialization of beer, there also exists a farmhouse brewing culture in western Norway which has passed down yeasts referred to as kveik for generations. This practice has resulted in ale yeasts which are typically highly flocculant, phenolic off flavor negative (POF-), and exhibit a high rate of fermentation, similar to previously characterized lineages of domesticated yeast. Additionally, kveik yeasts are reportedly high-temperature tolerant, likely due to the traditional practice of pitching yeast into warm (&gt;28°C) wort. Here, we characterize kveik yeasts from 9 different Norwegian sources via PCR fingerprinting, whole genome sequencing of selected strains, phenotypic screens, and lab-scale fermentations. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that kveik yeasts form a distinct group among beer yeasts. Additionally, we identify a novel POF- loss-of-function mutation, as well as SNPs and CNVs potentially relevant to the thermotolerance, high ethanol tolerance, and high fermentation rate phenotypes of kveik strains. We also identify domestication markers related to flocculation in kveik. Taken together, the results suggest that Norwegian kveik yeasts are a genetically distinct group of domesticated beer yeasts with properties highly relevant to the brewing sector

A Role for Rebinding in Rapid and Reliable T Cell Responses to Antigen

Experimental work has shown that T cells of the immune system rapidly and specifically respond to antigenic molecules presented on the surface of antigen-presenting-cells and are able to discriminate between potential stimuli based on the kinetic parameters of the T cell receptor-antigen bond. These antigenic molecules are presented among thousands of chemically similar endogenous peptides, raising the question of how T cells can reliably make a decision to respond to certain antigens but not others within minutes of encountering an antigen presenting cell. In this theoretical study, we investigate the role of localized rebinding between a T cell receptor and an antigen. We show that by allowing the signaling state of individual receptors to persist during brief unbinding events, T cells are able to discriminate antigens based on both their unbinding and rebinding rates. We demonstrate that T cell receptor coreceptors, but not receptor clustering, are important in promoting localized rebinding, and show that requiring rebinding for productive signaling reduces signals from a high concentration of endogenous pMHC. In developing our main results, we use a relatively simple model based on kinetic proofreading. However, we additionally show that all our results are recapitulated when we use a detailed T cell receptor signaling model. We discuss our results in the context of existing models and recent experimental work and propose new experiments to test our findings

Synthetic Multivalent Ligands as Probes of Signal Transduction

Cell-surface receptors acquire information from the extracellular environment and coordinate intracellular responses. Many receptors do not operate as individual entities, but rather as part of dimeric or oligomeric complexes. Coupling the functions of multiple receptors may endow signaling pathways with the sensitivity and malleability required to govern cellular responses. Moreover, multireceptor signaling complexes may provide a means of spatially segregating otherwise degenerate signaling cascades. Understanding the mechanisms, extent, and consequences of receptor co-localization and interreceptor communication is critical; chemical synthesis can provide compounds to address the role of receptor assembly in signal transduction. Multivalent ligands can be generated that possess a variety of sizes, shapes, valencies, orientations, and densities of binding elements. This Review focuses on the use of synthetic multivalent ligands to characterize receptor function.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50669/1/2348_ftp.pd

ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries

This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors