Electronically resettable fuse Patent

Development and characteristics of electronically resettable fuse with saturable core current sensing transformer having two outside legs and center le

RESPONSE OF PUBLIC LAND RANCHERS TO POLICY CHANGES

Policy analysis and planning requires that we know what the likely responses of affected parties to given policy changes. We conducted a random survey of ranchers holding 1998 public land grazing permits in all western states to determine the social and economic characteristics of permit holders, to assess their attitudes about public land policies, and to gauge their responses to three policies related to public land grazing. Respondents were asked how their operations would change due to three different levels of AUM reductions, three different grazing fee increases, and to changes in allowed season of use. The respondents were clustered into eight different types of ranchers using management objective, education, business organization, ranch size, labor, income, and financial aspects. Perceived ranching objectives included preserving family tradition, culture, and values; raising family in a rural setting; living closer to friends and family; earning a good return on investment; avoiding difficulty obtaining a job outside the ranch due to skills; protecting environmental resources; and planning to pass business on to children. Based on the clusters, different policy choices will have differential impacts depending on the type of rancher and individual management goals. Their responses to the various policy choices indicate that analysis using the refined clusters will lead to a different impact assessment compared to using average responses for the population.Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use,

AS-204/LM-1 launch vehicle operational flight trajectory

Apollo Saturn-204/LM-1 launch vehicle operational flight trajector

Imaging Carrier Inhomogeneities in Ambipolar Tellurene Field Effect Transistors

Developing van der Waals (vdW) homojunction devices requires materials with narrow bandgaps and simultaneously high hole and electron mobilities for bipolar transport, as well as methods to image and study spatial variations in carrier type and associated conductivity with nanometer spatial resolution. Here we demonstrate the general capability of near-field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) to image and study the local carrier type and associated conductivity in operando by studying ambiploar field effect transistors (FETs) of the 1D vdW material tellurium in 2D form. To quantitatively understand electronic variations across the device, we produce nanometer resolved maps of the local carrier equivalence backgate voltage. We show that the global device conductivity minimum determined from transport measurements does not arise from uniform carrier neutrality, but rather from the continued coexistence of p-type regions at the device edge and n-type regions in the interior of our micron-scale devices. This work both underscores and addresses the need to image and understand spatial variations in the electronic properties of nanoscale devices.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

Main achievements from the multi-well EGS Soultz project during geothermal exploitation from 2010 and 2012

International audienceA research program based on a scientific and technical monitoring of the EGS Soultz power plant has been achieved during geothermal exploitation between 2010 and 2012. Several hydraulic circulation tests have been performed that involve one production well, GPK-2 and two reinjection wells, GPK-1 and GPK-3: a long term circulation for about 11 months in 2010, and two short term circulation tests in 2011. In 2012, a short term circulation test sharply stopped due to a serious down-hole pump failure. During the 2010 exploitation, geothermal fluid discharge from GPK-2 reached a volume of about 500 000 m3 by producing at 18 L/s for a temperature of 164°C. Tracer test was conducted and showed the good connection between GPK-3 and GPK-2. In 2010, more than 400 induced micro-seismic events of low magnitude occurred. In 2011, geothermal fluid discharge from GPK-2 reached a volume of about 300 000 m3 by producing at 24 L/s for a temperature of 159°C. The strategy was to increase the reinjection flow rate in the shallow well GPK-1 (3.6 km) and simultaneously minimize it in GPK-3 in order to decrease reinjection pressure. Induced seismic activity was seriously decreased with less than 10 microearthquakes in 2011. In 2012, GPK-4 well, a former production well was converted into an injection well but for a rather short period, due to the failure of the down-hole production pump. New improvements about Line Shaft Pump (LSP) technology were done and another pump was designed and tested before its setting in GPK-2. In parallel, many research works have been carried out for characterizing scaling and the natural radioactivity derived from natural brines circulating within a deep fractured granite reservoir. Down-hole pump technology was also tested in various geothermal conditions during exploitation. In 2010, the LSP worked for more than 300 days without any trouble. In 2011, occurrences of cuttings at higher flow rate, generated abrasion of the pump reinforcing its damaging. In 2012, serious damages occurred on its hydraulic part in terms of abrasion and corrosion. Environmental nuisances were also investigated in order to evaluate their impact on the local population and then on public acceptance. An opinion survey was conducted in close cooperation with the two neighbouring villages of Kutzenhausen and Soultzsous- Forêts showing the permanent need of information and communication at local scale

Microseismicity and permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structures during massive fluid injections into granite at 3 km depth at the Soultz HDR site

A high-rate injection of 20 000 m3 of water into granite between 2.8 and 3.4 km depth at the Soultz hot dry rock (HDR) test site in France in 1993 September led to a 200-fold increase in borehole transmissivity and produced a subvertical cloud of microseismicity of dimensions 0.5 km wide, 1.2 km long, 1.5 km high and oriented 25°NW. The resulting data set is unusually complete and well suited to studying permeability creation/enhancement processes in crystalline rock and the utility of microseismic data for revealing them. Although the microseismic cloud defined using joint hypocentre determination (JHD) locations was diffuse and showed little structure, application of the collapsing method showed it to be composed largely of discrete tubes and planes that propagated coherently. One prominent structure that extended 350 m downwards from the vicinity of a flow inlet early in the injection and that appears to contain a major flow path was subjected to detailed investigation to establish its hydrogeologic nature and the mechanisms underpinning its inferred permeability enhancement. High-resolution microseismic mapping techniques (i.e. multiplets and clustering) showed it to be a subvertical, NNW-SSE striking, fracture zone of width 10-20 m. The strike and scale of the structure identifies it as a member of a family of hydrothermally altered, cataclastic shear structures that constitute the primary permeable paths for fluid migration within the rock mass, both under ambient and forced fluid flow conditions. The microseismicity occurred on subvertical, small-scale fractures within the cataclastic shear zone whose azimuths scatter within 22° of parallel to the parent structure. Although the structure is likely to have been naturally permeable to some degree, its permeability appears to have been significantly enhanced as a consequence of the injection. The most likely mechanism of permeability enhancement, which is in accord with the strong preference for the microseismicity to grow downwards, involves strike-slip shearing, which produced the opening of vertical tubes at along-strike jogs in the fault (the so-called Hill mesh). Seismic moment release averaged over the structure suggests shear displacements of at least 0.3 mm occurred, which are sufficient to generate aperture changes that are hydraulically significant. The preponderance of discrete structures within the microseismic cloud after collapsing suggests that significant flow and permeability enhancement (i.e. stimulation) within the rock mass is largely confined to the interiors of shear zones that appear to have a spacing of approximately 100

Vestibular toxicity of cis-2-pentenenitrile in the rat

cis-2-Pentenenitrile, an intermediate in the synthesis of nylon and other products, causes permanent behavioral deficits in rodents. Other low molecular weight nitriles cause degeneration either of the vestibular sensory hair cells or of selected neuronal populations in the brain. Adult male Long-Evans rats were exposed to cis-2-pentenenitrile (0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, or 2.0 mmol/kg, oral, in corn oil) and assessed for changes in open field activity and rating scores in a test battery for vestibular dysfunction. Surface preparations of the vestibular sensory epithelia were observed for hair cell loss using scanning electron microscopy. A separate experiment examined the impact of pre-treatment with the universal CYP inhibitor,1-aminobenzotriazole, on the effect of cis-2-pentenenitrile on vestibular rating scores. The occurrence of degenerating neurons in the central nervous system was assessed by Fluoro-Jade C staining. cis-2-Pentenenitrile had a dose-dependent effect on body weight. Rats receiving 1.50 mmol/kg or more of cis-2-pentenenitrile displayed reduced rearing activity in the open field and increased rating scores on the vestibular dysfunction test battery. Hair cell loss was observed in the vestibular sensory epithelia and correlated well with the behavioral deficits. Pre-treatment with 1-aminobenzotriazole blocked the behavioral effect. Fluoro-Jade C staining did not reveal significant neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system apart from neurite labeling in the olfactory glomeruli. We conclude that cis-2-pentenenitrile causes vestibular toxicity in a similar way to allylnitrile, cis-crotononitrile and 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), and also shares other targets such as the olfactory system with these other nitriles. The present data also suggest that CYP-mediated bioactivation is involved in cis-2-pentenenitrile toxicity

HOW JESUS BECAME GOD: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galiee By Bart Ehrman

The key is to avoid letting the analogies steamroll the critical differences. This is what goes wrong in the opening chapters of How Jesus Became God. More attention is due to the actual religious life of the relevant practitioners in everyday life

Safety and physiological effects of two different doses of elosulfase alfa in patients with morquio a syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, pilot study.

The primary treatment outcomes of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, pilot study evaluating safety, physiological, and pharmacological effects of elosulfase alfa in patients with Morquio A syndrome are herewith presented. Patients aged ≥7 years and able to walk ≥200 m in the 6-min walk test (6MWT) were randomized to elosulfase alfa 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg/week for 27 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety of both doses. Secondary objectives were to evaluate effects on endurance (6MWT and 3-min stair climb test [3MSCT]), exercise capacity (cardio-pulmonary exercise test [CPET]), respiratory function, muscle strength, cardiac function, pain, and urine keratan sulfate (uKS) levels, and to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Twenty-five patients were enrolled (15 randomized to 2.0 mg/kg/week and 10 to 4.0 mg/kg/week). No new or unexpected safety signals were observed. After 24 weeks, there were no improvements versus baseline in the 6MWT, yet numerical improvements were seen in the 3MSCT with 4.0 mg/kg/week. uKS and pharmacokinetic data suggested no linear relationship over the 2.0-4.0 mg/kg dose range. Overall, an abnormal exercise capacity (evaluated in 10 and 5 patients in the 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg/week groups, respectively), impaired muscle strength, and considerable pain were observed at baseline, and there were trends towards improvements in all domains after treatment. In conclusion, preliminary data of this small study in a Morquio A population with relatively good endurance confirmed the acceptable safety profile of elosulfase alfa and showed a trend of increased exercise capacity and muscle strength and decreased pain

Lake Ontario supply modeling and forecasting

Lake Ontario\u27s outflow and level have many effects on surrounding communities and down stream populations in northeastern United States. Since many people and industries rely on Lake Ontario for recreation, power generation, and navigation, to name a few, significant effort has focused on forecasting the water levels and water supplies. This analysis concentrates on forecasting the water supply into Lake Ontario. Independent time series models were developed for (1) Lake Ontario\u27s supply from Lake Erie and for (2) the remaining local supply, also termed net basin supply, over the period from 1900 through 1992. These two models were combined to produce total supply predictions for Lake Ontario. In comparison, this model performed slightly better than another time series model based solely on past values of the Lake\u27s total supply