Grans esdeveniments i economia urbana : què poden aprendre unes ciutats olímpiques de les altres?

Les ciutats han mirat d'acollir grans esdeveniments esportius que facin la funció de catalitzadors del desenvolupament i la renovació urbana. En diverses ciutats la transformació urbana va ser accelerada i els conflictes socials es van intensificar. En aquest document es sosté que per resoldre aquests conflictes d'una manera innovadora cal que les ciutats amfitriones es centrin en polítiques públiques destinades a reduir les desigualtats socials. En aquest sentit, les ciutats amfitriones poden aprendre molt les unes de les altres pel que fa als tipus de polítiques que promouen la creació de societats cohesionades enlloc de fragmentades.Las ciudades han tratado de acoger grandes eventos deportivos que hagan la función de catalizadores del desarrollo y la renovación urbana. En varias ciudades la transformación urbana fue acelerada y los conflictos sociales se intensificaron. En este documento se sostiene que para resolver estos conflictos de una manera innovadora es necesario que las ciudades anfitrionas se centren en políticas públicas destinadas a reducir las desigualdades sociales. En este sentido, las ciudades anfitrionas pueden aprender mucho unas de otras en cuanto a los tipos de políticas que promueven la creación de sociedades cohesionadas en lugar de fragmentadas.Cities have sought to host sports mega events to catalyse urban development and renewal. In several cities urban transformation was accelerated and social tensions intensified. This paper argues that addressing these tensions creatively requires host cities to focus on public interventions aimed at reducing social inequality. Host cities may learn much from each other about the types of interventions that promote the creation of integrated rather than fragmented communities

Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted

A mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in which glycoprotein H (gH) coding sequences were deleted and replaced by the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus IE-1 gene promoter was constructed. The mutant was propagated in Vero cells which contained multiple copies of the HSV-1 gH gene under the control of the HSV-1 gD promoter and which therefore provide gH in trans following HSV-1 infection. Phenotypically gH-negative virions were obtained by a single growth cycle in Vero cells. These virions were noninfectious, as judged by plaque assay and by expression of I-galactosidase following high-multiplicity infection, but partial recovery of infectivity was achieved by using the fusogenic agent polyethylene glycol. Adsorption of gH-negative virions to cells blocked the adsorption of superinfecting wild-type virus, a result in contrast to that obtained with gD-negative virions (D. C. Johnson and M. W. Ligas, J. Virol. 62:4605-4612, 1988). The simplest conclusion is that gH is required for membrane fusion but not for receptor binding, a conclusion consistent with the conservation of gH in all herpesviruses

The Regeneration Games: Commodities, Gifts and the Economics of London 2012

This paper considers contradictions between two concurrent and tacit conceptions of the Olympic ‘legacy’, setting out one conception that understands the games and their legacies as gifts alongside and as counterpoint to the prevailing discourse, which conceives Olympic assets as commodities. The paper critically examines press and governmental discussion of legacy, in order to locate these in the context of a wider perspective contrasting ‘gift’ and ‘commodity’ Olympics – setting anthropological conceptions of gift-based sociality as a necessary supplement to contractual and dis-embedded socioeconomic organizational assumptions underpinning the commodity Olympics. Costbenefit planning is central to modern city building and mega-event delivery. The paper considers the insufficiency of this approach as the exclusive paradigm within which to frame and manage a dynamic socio-economic and cultural legacy arising from the 2012 games

’Team GB’ and London 2012: The Paradox of National and Global Identities

This article explores the problems associated with ’national identity’ in the UK and examines the tensions arising between the international and local dimensions of the games through examples of domestic (UK) and international (Brazil, Chicago) media coverage of the key debates relating to London’s period of preparation. The chapter proposes a conception of London 2012 as exemplar of an event poised to generate insights and experiences connected to a new politics of ’cosmopolitan’ identity; insights central to grasping the cultural politics of contemporary urban development-and the paradoxes of national identity in current discourses of Olympism. Properly speaking, cosmopolitanism suits those people who have no country, while internationalism should be the state of mind of those who love their country above all, who seek to draw to it the friendship of foreigners by professing for the countries of those foreigners an intelligent and enlightened sympathy. © 2010 Taylor & Francis

Molecular testing for Lynch syndrome in people with colorectal cancer: systematic reviews and economic evaluation

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: Inherited mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair (MMR) genes lead to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), gynaecological cancers and other cancers, known as Lynch syndrome (LS). Risk-reducing interventions can be offered to individuals with known LS-causing mutations. The mutations can be identified by comprehensive testing of the MMR genes, but this would be prohibitively expensive in the general population. Tumour-based tests - microsatellite instability (MSI) and MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) - are used in CRC patients to identify individuals at high risk of LS for genetic testing. MLH1 (MutL homologue 1) promoter methylation and BRAF V600E testing can be conducted on tumour material to rule out certain sporadic cancers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether testing for LS in CRC patients using MSI or IHC (with or without MLH1 promoter methylation testing and BRAF V600E testing) is clinically effective (in terms of identifying Lynch syndrome and improving outcomes for patients) and represents a cost-effective use of NHS resources. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic reviews were conducted of the published literature on diagnostic test accuracy studies of MSI and/or IHC testing for LS, end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients and economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC patients. A model-based economic evaluation was conducted to extrapolate long-term outcomes from the results of the diagnostic test accuracy review. The model was extended from a model previously developed by the authors. RESULTS: Ten studies were identified that evaluated the diagnostic test accuracy of MSI and/or IHC testing for identifying LS in CRC patients. For MSI testing, sensitivity ranged from 66.7% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 61.1% to 92.5%. For IHC, sensitivity ranged from 80.8% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 80.5% to 91.9%. When tumours showing low levels of MSI were treated as a positive result, the sensitivity of MSI testing increased but specificity fell. No end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients were identified. Nine economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC were identified. None of the included studies fully matched the decision problem and hence a new economic evaluation was required. The base-case results in the economic evaluation suggest that screening for LS in CRC patients using IHC, BRAF V600E and MLH1 promoter methylation testing would be cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for this strategy was £11,008 per QALY compared with no screening. Screening without tumour tests is not predicted to be cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: Most of the diagnostic test accuracy studies identified were rated as having a risk of bias or were conducted in unrepresentative samples. There was no direct evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes. No probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review evidence suggests that MSI- and IHC-based testing can be used to identify LS in CRC patients, although there was heterogeneity in the methods used in the studies identified and the results of the studies. There was no high-quality empirical evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes and so an evidence linkage approach using modelling was necessary. Key determinants of whether or not screening is cost-effective are the accuracy of tumour-based tests, CRC risk without surveillance, the number of relatives identified for cascade testing, colonoscopic surveillance effectiveness and the acceptance of genetic testing. Future work should investigate screening for more causes of hereditary CRC and screening for LS in endometrial cancer patients. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016033879. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.Funding for this study was provided by the Health Technology Assessment programme of the National Institute for Health Researc

Grans esdeveniments i economia urbana : què poden aprendre unes ciutats olímpiques de les altres?

Les ciutats han mirat d'acollir grans esdeveniments esportius que facin la funció de catalitzadors del desenvolupament i la renovació urbana. En diverses ciutats la transformació urbana va ser accelerada i els conflictes socials es van intensificar. En aquest document es sosté que per resoldre aquests conflictes d'una manera innovadora cal que les ciutats amfitriones es centrin en polítiques públiques destinades a reduir les desigualtats socials. En aquest sentit, les ciutats amfitriones poden aprendre molt les unes de les altres pel que fa als tipus de polítiques que promouen la creació de societats cohesionades enlloc de fragmentades.Las ciudades han tratado de acoger grandes eventos deportivos que hagan la función de catalizadores del desarrollo y la renovación urbana. En varias ciudades la transformación urbana fue acelerada y los conflictos sociales se intensificaron. En este documento se sostiene que para resolver estos conflictos de una manera innovadora es necesario que las ciudades anfitrionas se centren en políticas públicas destinadas a reducir las desigualdades sociales. En este sentido, las ciudades anfitrionas pueden aprender mucho unas de otras en cuanto a los tipos de políticas que promueven la creación de sociedades cohesionadas en lugar de fragmentadas.Cities have sought to host sports mega events to catalyse urban development and renewal. In several cities urban transformation was accelerated and social tensions intensified. This paper argues that addressing these tensions creatively requires host cities to focus on public interventions aimed at reducing social inequality. Host cities may learn much from each other about the types of interventions that promote the creation of integrated rather than fragmented communities

Building a radical university: A history of the University of East London

As leaders of a ‘people’s university’, part of the vast post-1960s expansion in British higher education, UEL’s first generation of educationalists was committed to innovation and to creating a new democratic identity for their institution. They were also determined to extend access to higher education to those previously excluded, and to offer East Londoners, at a time of social deprivation and political turbulence, the vocational education to meet their aspirations. In this book, leading figures in UEL’s history describe its radical accomplishments across a broad range of subject areas including Architecture, Cultural Studies, Fashion Textiles, Independent Studies, Law, and Refugee Studies. These chapters, including three by former students, evoke the excitement of an environment in which there was so much opportunity to invent, to do things differently. The book is an excellent and detailed resource for all those with an interest in the history and future of higher education in the UK, and particularly the legacy of polytechnics and new universities. At a time of intense marketisation in the UK’s higher education sector, this book insists on the possibility of democratic educational innovation and renewal

Local Development Benefits from Staging Global Events: Achieving the Local Development Legacy from 2012

A peer review of the Olympic and Paralympic legacy for East London proposed by the Department of Communities and Local Government, United Kingdo

A Lasting Legacy for London? Assessing the legacy of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games

Research commissioned by the London Assembly: The IOC provides a comprehensive library of reports and bid documentation for each summer Olympiad. The bid documents of all applicant cities and the IOC evaluation of the bids are contained on the IOC website. Each host city has also been required to provide a comprehensive report on the Games and its legacy; this takes the form of a final report typically published about two years after the completion of the Games. These documents offer a useful starting point for an economic evaluation of each Olympic event. Most non-IOC economic impact studies have focused upon specific cities and events and have not utilised indicators that may be transposed easily from one host city to another. The main exception is Preuss (2004). There is also a significant literature relating to the development of the IOC’s Olympic Global Games Impact Study (OGGI)