863 research outputs found
Unification of X-ray winds in Seyfert galaxies: from ultra-fast outflows to warm absorbers
The existence of ionized X-ray absorbing layers of gas along the line of
sight to the nuclei of Seyfert galaxies is a well established observational
fact. This material is systematically outflowing and shows a large range in
parameters. However, its actual nature and dynamics are still not clear. In
order to gain insights into these important issues we performed a literature
search for papers reporting the parameters of the soft X-ray warm absorbers
(WAs) in 35 type 1 Seyferts and compared their properties to those of the
ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) detected in the same sample. The fraction of sources
with WAs is >60%, consistent with previous studies. The fraction of sources
with UFOs is >34%, >67% of which also show WAs. The large dynamic range
obtained when considering all the absorbers together allows us, for the first
time, to investigate general relations among them. In particular, we find
significant correlations indicating that the closer the absorber is to the
central black hole, the higher the ionization, column, outflow velocity and
consequently the mechanical power. The absorbers continuously populate the
whole parameter space, with the WAs and the UFOs lying always at the two ends
of the distribution. This strongly suggest that these absorbers, often
considered of different types, could actually represent parts of a single
large-scale stratified outflow observed at different locations from the black
hole. The observed parameters and correlations are consistent with both
radiation pressure through Compton scattering and MHD processes contributing to
the outflow acceleration, the latter playing a major role. Most of the
absorbers, especially the UFOs, have a sufficiently high mechanical power to
significantly contribute to AGN feedback.Comment: Manuscript updated to match the MNRAS published version. Link to the
related INAF news: http://www.media.inaf.it/2013/02/05/warm-absorbers
Digging for red nuggets: Discovery of hot haloes surrounding massive, compact, relic galaxies
We present the results of Chandra X-ray observations of the isolated, massive, compact, relic galaxies MRK 1216 and PGC 032873. Compact massive galaxies observed at z > 2, also called red nuggets, formed in quick dissipative events and later grew by dry mergers into the local giant ellipticals. Due to the stochastic nature of mergers, a few of the primordial massive galaxies avoided the mergers and remained untouched over cosmic time.We find that the hot atmosphere surrounding MRK 1216 extends far beyond the stellar population and has a 0.5-7 keV X-ray luminosity of LX = (7.0 ± 0.2) × 1041 erg s-1, which is similar to the nearby X-ray bright giant ellipticals. The hot gas has a short central cooling time of ~50 Myr and the galaxy has an ~13-Gyr-old stellar population. The presence of an X-ray atmosphere with a short nominal cooling time and the lack of young stars indicate the presence of a sustained heating source, which prevented star formation since the dissipative origin of the galaxy 13 Gyr ago. The central temperature peak and the presence of radio emission in the core of the galaxy indicate that the heating source is radio-mechanical active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. Given that both MRK 1216 and PGC 032873 appear to have evolved in isolation, the order of magnitude difference in their current X-ray luminosity could be traced back to a difference in the ferocity of the AGN outbursts in these systems. Finally, we discuss the potential connection between the presence of hot haloes around such massive galaxies and the growth of super-/overmassive black holes via chaotic cold accretion. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society
Laparoscopic single-port sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity: preliminary series
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has been recently proposed as a sole bariatric procedure because of the resulting considerable weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Traditionally, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy requires 5-6 skin incisions to allow for placement of multiple trocars. With the introduction of single-incision laparoscopic surgery, multiple abdominal procedures have been performed using a sole umbilical incision, with good cosmetic outcomes. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic single incision sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity
Expressão gênica em grãos de café submetidos a diferentes tratamentos pós-colheita-uma análise preliminar.
O conhecimento sobre como os tipos de processamento pós-colheita interferem na qualidade final de bebida é essencial para que cafés com qualidades especiais possam ser desenvolvidos. Dentre as características que podem ser diretamente influenciadas pelo processamento, a composição química do grão é a de maior interesse. Fatores como a regulação da expressão de genes e a atividade de enzimas específicas são determinantes para esta composição. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo preliminar foi avaliar como os processamentos por via seca e úmida afetam o padrão de expressão dos genes isocitrato liase (ICL), ?-mananase (MAN) e ?-galactosidase (GAL). Frutos cereja foram submetidos a condições de secagem natural, despolpamento e desmucilamento. A expressão dos genes foi quantificada pela metodologia de RT-PCR em tempo real. A análise comparativa da expressão dos 3 genes indicou que no processamento via seca a expressão de ICL e MAN nas sementes foi maior do que em sementes de frutos processados por via úmida. Para o gene GAL, não foram observadas diferenças expressivas no perfil de expressão em sementes dos frutos submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos. Esses resultados diferiram dos obtidos em outros estudos já descritos na literatura, em que, apesar de ter sido avaliada a expressão de genes, foram utilizadas etapas de processamento distintas das utilizadas neste trabalho. Esses resultados revelaram, portanto, que há necessidade de se padronizarem os processamentos experimentais em pesquisas visando avaliar efeitos dos tratamentos pós-colheita sobre a qualidade do café
Produção de anticorpos monoclonais anti-cisticercos de Taenia crassiceps com reatividade cruzada com antígenos de Taenia solium
We describe the production of the potential monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) using BALB/c mice immunized with vesicular fluid (VF)-Tcra (T. crassiceps) antigen. Immune sera presented anti-VF-Tcra (É descrita a produção de potenciais anticorpos monoclonais (MoAbs) usando camundongos BALB/c imunizados com antígenos de líquido vesicular de T. crassiceps (VF-Tcra). O soro imune apresentou anticorpos IgM e IgG anti-VF-Tcra para os peptídeo
Cooling in the X-ray halo of the rotating, massive early-type galaxy NGC 7049
The relative importance of the physical processes shaping the thermodynamics
of the hot gas permeating rotating, massive early-type galaxies is expected to
be different from that in non-rotating systems. Here, we report the results of
the analysis of XMM-Newton data for the massive, lenticular galaxy NGC 7049.
The galaxy harbours a dusty disc of cool gas and is surrounded by an extended
hot X-ray emitting gaseous atmosphere with unusually high central entropy. The
hot gas in the plane of rotation of the cool dusty disc has a multi-temperature
structure, consistent with ongoing cooling. We conclude that the rotational
support of the hot gas is likely capable of altering the multiphase
condensation regardless of the ratio, which is here
relatively high, . However, the measured ratio of cooling time and
eddy turnover time around unity (-ratio ) implies significant
condensation, and at the same time, the constrained ratio of rotational
velocity and the velocity dispersion (turbulent Taylor number)
indicates that the condensing gas should follow non-radial orbits forming a
disc instead of filaments. This is in agreement with hydrodynamical simulations
of massive rotating galaxies predicting a similarly extended multiphase disc.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Evidence for ultra-fast outflows in radio-quiet AGNs: III - location and energetics
Using the results of a previous X-ray photo-ionization modelling of
blue-shifted Fe K absorption lines on a sample of 42 local radio-quiet AGNs
observed with XMM-Newton, in this letter we estimate the location and
energetics of the associated ultra-fast outflows (UFOs). Due to significant
uncertainties, we are essentially able to place only lower/upper limits. On
average, their location is in the interval ~0.0003-0.03pc (~10^2-10^4 r_s) from
the central black hole, consistent with what is expected for accretion disk
winds/outflows. The mass outflow rates are constrained between ~0.01-1
M_{\odot} yr^{-1}, corresponding to >5-10% of the accretion rates. The average
lower-upper limits on the mechanical power are log\dot{E}_K~42.6-44.6 erg
s^{-1}. However, the minimum possible value of the ratio between the mechanical
power and bolometric luminosity is constrained to be comparable or higher than
the minimum required by simulations of feedback induced by winds/outflows.
Therefore, this work demonstrates that UFOs are indeed capable to provide a
significant contribution to the AGN cosmological feedback, in agreement with
theoretical expectations and the recent observation of interactions between AGN
outflows and the interstellar medium in several Seyferts galaxies.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters: X-ray scaling relations and their evolution
We analyse cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters to
study the X-ray scaling relations between total masses and observable
quantities such as X-ray luminosity, gas mass, X-ray temperature, and .
Three sets of simulations are performed with an improved version of the
smoothed particle hydrodynamics GADGET-3 code. These consider the following:
non-radiative gas, star formation and stellar feedback, and the addition of
feedback by active galactic nuclei (AGN). We select clusters with , mimicking the typical selection of
Sunyaev-Zeldovich samples. This permits to have a mass range large enough to
enable robust fitting of the relations even at . The results of the
analysis show a general agreement with observations. The values of the slope of
the mass-gas mass and mass-temperature relations at are 10 per cent lower
with respect to due to the applied mass selection, in the former case,
and to the effect of early merger in the latter. We investigate the impact of
the slope variation on the study of the evolution of the normalization. We
conclude that cosmological studies through scaling relations should be limited
to the redshift range , where we find that the slope, the scatter, and
the covariance matrix of the relations are stable. The scaling between mass and
is confirmed to be the most robust relation, being almost independent of
the gas physics. At higher redshifts, the scaling relations are sensitive to
the inclusion of AGNs which influences low-mass systems. The detailed study of
these objects will be crucial to evaluate the AGN effect on the ICM.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables, replaced to match accepted versio
Mass\u2013metallicity relation from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and X-ray observations of galaxy groups and clusters
Recent X-ray observations of galaxy clusters show that the distribution of intra-cluster medium (ICM) metallicity is remarkably uniform in space and time. In this paper, we analyse a large sample of simulated objects, from poor groups to rich clusters, to study the dependence of the metallicity and related quantities on the mass of the systems. The simulations are performed with an improved version of the smoothed-particle-hydrodynamic GADGET-3 code and consider various astrophysical processes including radiative cooling, metal enrichment and feedback from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The scaling between the metallicity and the temperature obtained in the simulations agrees well in trend and evolution with the observational results obtained from two data samples characterized by a wide range of masses and a large redshift coverage. We find that the iron abundance in the cluster core (r < 0.1R500) does not correlate with the temperature nor presents a significant evolution. The scale invariance is confirmed when the metallicity is related directly to the total mass. The slope of the best-fitting relations is shallow (\u3b2 \u2dc -0.1) in the innermost regions (r < 0.5R500) and consistent with zero outside. We investigate the impact of the AGN feedback and find that it plays a key role in producing a constant value of the outskirts metallicity from groups to clusters. This finding additionally supports the picture of early enrichment
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