Electrochemical and photo-electrochemical processes of Methylene blue oxidation by Ti/TiO2 electrodes modified with Fe-allophane

Indexación: Scopus.This work reports the degradation of methylene blue (MB) on Ti/TiO2 and Ti/TiO2/Fe-allophane electrodes in a pH 3 using 0.1 M Na2SO4 as support electrolyte. SEM micrographs show a homogeneous distribution of TiO2 over the whole electrode surface forming nanotubes and nanopores. Fe-allophane modified electrode shows the formation of large-grains agglomerate on the electrode surface due to allophane, which provides a greater surface area to the electrode due to meso and micropore structures. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry show that Ti/TiO2 has the typical voltammetric response due to Ti(III)/Ti(IV) pair. Diffusional problems were observed through of the film when the electrode is modified with Fe-allophane modifying the quasi-reversible process Ti(III)/Ti(IV). Different kind of methodologies in the degradation process were used: Electrochemistry (EC), Photochemistry (PC), Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) and Adsorption (Ads). These methods were developing to discard any reaction or interaction that is not of interest. On Ti/TiO2 with PC and Ads methodologies was not observed any activity to MB degradation showing that is not photosensitive and that the interaction between this and surface electrode is low. But with EC and PEC degradation to 55% is reached after 3 hours of electrolysis. With Ti/TiO2-Fe-allophane electrodes are observed a higher activity for all methodologies. The PC and Ads methods show that the MB degradation reaches to ∼20 % of the initial concentration. As mentioned above, the PC and Ads processes no show degradation on Ti/TiO2, therefore the degradation it only due to the adsorption of MB in/on allophane coat behaving as concentrator matrix. A lower improvement is observed with EC process when is incorporated Ti/TiO2-Fe-allophane is due to the barrier of the electrode surface by oxidation products. With PEC is reached the higher degradation value of ∼88 %, showing an improvement of the degradation with the presence of Fe-allophane. The results indicate that the main role of Fe-allophane on the electrode is similar to a concentrator matrix.http://ref.scielo.org/shz7t

Far-field characterization of the thermal dynamics in lasing microspheres

This work reports the dynamical thermal behavior of lasing microspheres placed on a dielectric substrate while they are homogeneously heated-up by the top-pump laser used to excite the active medium. The lasing modes are collected in the far-field and their temporal spectral traces show characteristic lifetimes of about 2 ms. The latter values scale with the microsphere radius and are independent of the pump power in the studied range. Finite-Element Method simulations reproduce the experimental results, revealing that thermal dynamics is dominated by heat dissipated towards the substrate through the medium surrounding the contact point. The characteristic system scale regarding thermal transport is of few hundreds of nanometers, thus enabling an effective toy model for investigating heat conduction in non-continuum gaseous media and near-field radiative energy transfer

Life cycle assessment of households in Santiago, Chile: Environmental hotspots and policy analysis

Indexación ScopusThe aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of household life cycles in Santiago, Chile, by household income level. The assessment considered scenarios associated with environmental policies. The life cycle assessment was cradle-to-grave, and the functional unit considered all the materials and energy required to meet an inhabitant’s needs for one year (1 inh/year). Using SimaPro 9.1 software, the Recipe Midpoint (H) methodology was used. The impact categories selected were global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and fossil resource scarcity. The inventory was carried out through the application of 300 household surveys and secondary information. The main environmental sources of households were determined to be food consumption, transport, and electricity. Food consumption is the main source, responsible for 33% of the environmental impacts on global warming, 69% on terrestrial acidification, and 29% on freshwater eutrophica-tion. The second most crucial environmental hotspot is private transport, whose contribution to environmental impact increases as household income rises, while public transport impact increases in the opposite direction. In this sense, both positive and negative environmental effects can be generated by policies. Therefore, life-cycle environmental impacts, the synergy between policies, and households’ socio-economic characteristics must be considered in public policy planning and consumer decisions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/252

Factors explaining the application of the law of patient autonomy by surgical staff

Objetivos: Explorar qué factores del contexto explican la aplicación de la Ley de autonomía del paciente (LAP) por parte de profesionales implicados en el proceso quirúrgico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta en el Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla con personal del área quirúrgica. Variable dependiente: aplicación de la LAP. Variables independientes: percepción de características socioestructurales, según modelo de Kanter, percepción de colaboración interprofesional y conocimiento de la LAP. Se realizó análisis exploratorio, bivariado con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, y regresiones simples y múltiples. El nivel de confianza fue del 95%. Resultados: Participantes: 170 profesionales (tasa de respuesta: 60,28%). Los comportamientos acordes con la LAP se presentan entre un nivel medio y alto, en médicos y enfermeras. Respecto a la aplicación de la LAP según las variables sociolaborales, hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas, por parte del personal médico, en el área de trabajo y en la especialidad. El análisis de regresión múltiple muestra la relación de la aplicación de la LAP con la colaboración interprofesional, en el personal médico. Conclusiones: El modelo de Kanter y la escala de colaboración interprofesional pueden ayudarnos a explicar la influencia del contexto hospitalario en la aplicación de la LAP, y los resultados obtenidos podrían orientar el dise˜no de estrategias dirigidas a la implementación de la ley. Sería necesario superar estructuras tradicionales y generar condiciones descentralizadas y flexibles, que estimulen el trabajo en equipo y la toma de decisiones compartidas.Objective: To examine which contextual factors explain the implementation of the Patient Autonomy Law (LAP) by professionals involved in the surgical process. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study survey. It was conducted at the Hospital Virgen Macarena in Seville with the surgical staff. Dependent variable: the application of LAP. Independent variables: the perception of socio-structural organizational characteristics according to Kanter’s model (organizational culture, sociopolitical support, access to information, and access to resources), the perception of interprofessional collaboration, and knowledge of the LAP. We performed exploratory analysis, bivariate with parametric and nonparametric tests depending on the nature of the distributions; simple regression to determine the weight of each explanatory variable on the application of the LAP and, multiples introducing in the models those variables that had obtained significant regression coefficients. The analysis performed with a confidence level of 95%. Results: Participants: 170 professionals (response rate: 60.28%). Behaviour according to the LAP is present in a medium-high level among physicians and nurses. Significant differences were observed in the application of the LAP according to the different sociolaboral variables and considering medical staff, the working environment and the specialty. Multiple regression analyses revealed the relationship between the application of the LAP and interprofessional collaboration, in physicians. Conclusions: Kanter’s model and the scale of interprofessional collaboration, may contribute to the explanation of the influence of the hospital context in the implementation of the LAP and the results may guide us when designing strategies to implement the law. It would be necessary to overcome the traditional structures and create decentralized and flexible conditions that encourage teamwork and shared decision making.Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía CS0117/20

Clinical profile of the first 1000 fatalities for influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico

Background: Influenza is an acute respiratory disease responsible for several episodes of high mortality throughout human history. In 2009, Mexico experienced an atypical influenza outbreak caused by a mutant strain of the influenza A (H1N1) subtype, which generated significant mortality. The aim of this paper was to analyze the clinical and sociodemographic conditions of the first 1000 fatalities recorded during this outbreak.Methods: We conducted a study based on an analysis of the clinical files of patients positive for influenza A (H1N1) using Real-Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to conduct an analysis of deaths compared to deaths in the general population.  Results: The majority of deaths occurred in patients aged 35-84 years (65.8%). Average time between symptom onset and death was 13.8 days, with an average of 7.8 days from time of hospitalization until death. Ca. 25% of deaths occurred in residents from Mexico City and from the nearby State of Mexico. In the majority of cases, we found that patients who died had a low educational and socioeconomic status along with co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and its individual components, as well as respiratory illnesses. In 80% of cases, patients received mechanical ventilation, and a similar percentage received antiviral therapy (oseltamivir, zanamivir).  Conclusions: The primary-care level was not utilized by patients who died from influenza. The higher prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases among deaths compared with the general population indicates that these groups of patients should be considered and prioritized in the event of future outbreaks.

A new L-dwarf member of the moderately metal-poor triple system HD 221356

We report on the discovery of a fourth component in the HD 221356 star system, previously known to be formed by an F8V, slightly metal-poor primary ([Fe/H]=-0.26), and a distant M8V+L3V pair. In our ongoing common proper motion search based on VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) and 2MASS catalogues, we have detected a faint (J=13.76+/-0.04 mag) co-moving companion of the F8 star located at angular separation of 12.13+/-0.18 arcsec (position angle of 221.8+/-1.7), corresponding to a projected distance of ~312 AU at 26 pc. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the new companion, covering the 1.5-2.4 micron wavelength range with a resolving power of R~600, indicates an L1+/-1 spectral type. Using evolutionary models the mass of the new companion is estimated at ~0.08 solar masses, which places the object close to the stellar-substellar borderline. This multiple system provides an interesting example of objects with masses slightly above and below the hydrogen burning mass limit. The low mass companions of HD 221356 have slightly bluer colours than field dwarfs with similar spectral type, which is likely a consequence of the sub-solar metallicity of the system.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Retinoic acid degradation shapes zonal development of vestibular organs and sensitivity to transient linear accelerations

Each vestibular sensory epithelium in the inner ear is divided morphologically and physio- logically into two zones, called the striola and extrastriola in otolith organ maculae, and the central and peripheral zones in semicircular canal cristae. We found that formation of striolar/central zones during embryogenesis requires Cytochrome P450 26b1 (Cyp26b1)- mediated degradation of retinoic acid (RA). In Cyp26b1 conditional knockout mice, formation of striolar/central zones is compromised, such that they resemble extrastriolar/peripheral zones in multiple features. Mutants have deficient vestibular evoked potential (VsEP) responses to jerk stimuli, head tremor and deficits in balance beam tests that are consistent with abnormal vestibular input, but normal vestibulo-ocular reflexes and apparently normal motor performance during swimming. Thus, degradation of RA during embryogenesis is required for formation of highly specialized regions of the vestibular sensory epithelia with specific functions in detecting head motions

Enfermedad renal crónica: la carga sanitaria invisible para los organismos que

REDINREN RD16/0009.The uptake of the current concept of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by the public, physicians and health authorities is low. Physicians still mix up CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. In a recent manuscript, only 23% of participants in a cohort of persons with CKD had been diagnosed by their physicians as having CKD while 29% has a diagnosis of cancer and 82% had a diagnosis of hypertension. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. A prevalent view is that for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is "solved" by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, the main burden of CKD is accelerated aging and all-cause and cardiovascular premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal COVID-19 and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Moreover, men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality which is 10-100-fold higher than similar age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by around 40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth global cause of death by 2040 and the second cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when 1 in 4 Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded CIBER network research structure in Spain. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network REDINREN have now applied for the RICORS call of collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, ALCER and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true. However, only the highest level of research funding through the CIBER will allow to adequately address the issue before it is too late.El impacto del concepto actual de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en la población, médicos y autoridades sanitarias ha sido bajo. Los médicos aún confunden la ERC con la insuficiencia renal crónica. En un manuscrito reciente, en una cohorte de personas con ERC, solo el 23% de los participantes fueron diagnosticados de ERC por sus médicos mientras que el 29% estaban diagnosticados de cáncer y el 82% de hipertensión. Para el público en general y las autoridades sanitarias, la ERC evoca la terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR). En España, la prevalencia de TRR es del 0,13%. La opinión predominante es que para aquellos en los que fallan los riñones, el problema se “resuelve” mediante diálisis o trasplante de riñón. Sin embargo, la principal carga sanitaria de la ERC es el envejecimiento acelerado y la muerte prematura de causa cardiovascular o de cualquier causa. La ERC es el factor mas prevalente de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 después de la edad avanzada. Además, los hombres y mujeres que se someten a TRR todavía tienen una mortalidad anual que es de 10 a 100 veces superior a sus pares de edades similares, y la esperanza de vida se reduce en alrededor de 40 años para jóvenes en diálisis y en 15 años para jóvenes con un injerto renal funcionante. Se espera que la ERC se convierta en la quinta causa mundial de muerte para 2040 y la segunda causa de muerte en España antes de fin de siglo, época en la que 1 de cada 4 españoles tendrá ERC. Sin embargo, para 2022, la ERC se convertirá en la única causa de muerte entre las 15 principales a nivel mundial que no cuenta con el respaldo de una estructura de investigación CIBER en España. Los Principales grupos de investigación renal en España agrupados en la red de investi- gación colaborativa renal REDINREN han solicitado la convocatoria RICORS de investigación colaborativa en España con el apoyo de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología, ALCER y ONT: RICORS 040 tiene como objetivo evitar que se hagan realidad las terribles predicciones sobre la carga mundial de ERC para 2040. Sin embargo, solo el más alto nivel de financiación de la investigación a través del CIBER permitirá abordar adecuadamente el problema antes de que sea demasiado tarde.REDINREN RD16/000

Transposable elements versus the fungal genome: impact on whole-genome architecture and transcriptional profiles

Incluye 10 ficheros de datosTransposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.This work was supported by Spanish National Research Plan (Projects AGL2011-30495 and AGL2014-55971-R) and FEDER funds; Public University of Navarre; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; and Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.