Calcium Triplet Synthesis

We present theoretical equivalent widths for the sum of the two strongest lines of the Calcium Triplet, CaT index, in the near-IR, using evolutionary techniques and the most recent models and observational data for this feature in individual stars. We compute the CaT index for Single Stellar Populations (instantaneous burst, standard Salpeter-type IMF) at four metallicities, Z=0.004, 0.008, 0.02 (solar) and 0.05, and ranging in age from very young bursts of star formation (few Myr) to old stellar populations, up to 17 gyr, representative of globular clusters, elliptical galaxies and bulges of spirals. The interpretation of the observed equivalent widths of CaT in different stellar systems is discussed. Composite-population models are also computed as a tool to interpret the CaT detections in star-forming regions, in order to disantangle between the component due to Red Supergiants stars, RSG, and the underlying, older, population. CaT is found to be an excellent metallicity-indicator for populations older than 1 Gyr, practically independent of the age. We discuss its application to remove the age- metallicity degeneracy, characteristic of all studies of galaxy evolution based on the usual integrated indices (both broad band colors and narrow band indices). The application of the models computed here to the analysis of a sample of elliptical galaxies will be discussed in a forthcoming paper (Gorgas et al. 1998).Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, to be published in A&

Employability skills and quality of life among employees with mild and moderate intellectual disability who attend occupation centres in catalonia (Spain)

Background: The study explores the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and employability skills in a non-random sample of 100 employees of occupational centres (OCs) in Barcelona (Spain). The influence of gender, age and level of intellectual disability (ID) is also explored. Method: A quantitative approach was adopted to collect and examine data, gathered through two different instruments: the GENCAT SCALE (Verdugo et al., 2008) (and the Employability Skills Scale (Jariot, Laborda and González, 2020). Results: A correlation between QoL and employability skills has been found. A relationship between age and employability skills was also found, in which younger individuals reported better in employability skills. Age was also found to have an effect on some QoL domains. The ID level turned out to be a significant factor in the development of employability skills, as well as in some QoL domains. The crucial role of job placement in personal development is underlined, as well as the need for more inclusive procedures in occupancy services.Introducción: el estudio explora la relación entre calidad de vida y competencias de empleabilidad en una muestra no aleatoria de 100 empleados de centros ocupacionales en Barcelona (España). También se explora la influencia del género, la edad y el nivel de discapacidad intelectual en ambas variables. Método: se adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo para recopilar y examinar datos, reunidos a través de dos instrumentos diferentes: la Escala GENCAT (Verdugo et al., 2008) y la Escala de Competencias de Empleabilidad (Jariot, Laborda y González, 2020). Resultados: existe una correlación entre la calidad de vida y las competencias de empleabilidad. También se encontró relación entre la edad y dichas competencias, en la cual las personas más jóvenes obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas. También se descubrió que la edad influye en algunos dominios de calidad de vida. El grado de discapacidad resultó ser un factor significativo en el desarrollo de competencias de empleabilidad, así como en algunos dominios de calidad de vida. Se subraya el papel crucial de la inserción laboral en el desarrollo personal, así como la necesidad de procedimientos más inclusivos en los servicios de ocupación

Analysis of psychopedagogical variable in violent adolescent childs based on cognition theory

[EN] Parental abuse by sons and daughtersis a reality latent in our society. The present article analyzes the existence or not of psycho-pedagogical variables (academic and occupational) as risk factors in adolescents who exert violence against their parents. Methods used are descriptive, focused on the analysis of studies that contemplate these variables and compare them with research on aggressive offspring. Results suggest that these variables are risk factors for violent behaviors in adolescents due to violence towards parents and they suggest relevant issues to research, prevention and educational intervention. Hereby, from the cognitive model, interaction between intrapersonal and interpersonal cognition in violent adolescents is tried to be explained; as well as the cognitive abilities related to prosocial behavior against antisocial dispositions, with a view to social and educational intervention.[ES] La violencia filio-parental es una realidad latente en nuestra sociedad. El presente artículo analiza la existencia o no de variables psicopedagógicas (académica y laboral) como factores de riesgo en hijos adolescentes que ejercen violencia contra sus progenitores. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva, centrada en el análisis de estudios que contemplan estas variables y las comparan con investigaciones sobre hijos agresores. Los resultados sugieren que éstos son factores de riesgo de conductas violentas en adolescentes por violencia filial y esbozan cuestiones relevantes para la investigación, prevención e intervención educativa. Asimismo, desde el modelo cognitivo, se intenta explicar la interacción entre la cognición intrapersonal e impersonal, principalmente, en adolescentes violentos; así como, las habilidades cognitivas vinculadas a la conducta prosocial frente a disposiciones antisociales, con miras a la intervención socioeducativa.Molla Esparza, C.; Aroca-Montolío, C.; Garcia-Garcia, FJ. (2018). Análisis de variables psicopedagógicas en hijos adolescentes violentos desde el modelo cognitivo. Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia. (14):53-73. doi:10.4995/reinad.2018.7682SWORD53731

Maximum likelihood soft-output detection through Sphere Decoding combined with box optimization

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Signal Processing. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Signal Processing 125 (2016) 249–260. DOI 10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.02.006.This paper focuses on the improvement of known algorithms for maximum likelihood soft-output detection. These algorithms usually have large computational complexity, that can be reduced by using clipping. Taking two well-known soft-output maximum likelihood algorithms (Repeated Tree Search and Single Tree Search) as a starting point, a number of modifications (based mainly on box optimization techniques) are proposed to improve the efficiency of the search. As a result, two new algorithms are proposed for soft-output maximum likelihood detection. One of them is based on Repeated Tree Search (which can be applied with and without clipping). The other one is based on Single Tree Search, which can only be applied to the case with clipping. The proposed algorithms are compared with the Single Tree Search algorithm, and their efficiency is evaluated in standard detection problems (4 4 16-QAM and 4 4 64-QAM) with and without clipping. The results show that the efficiency of the proposed algorithms is similar to that of the Single Tree Search algorithm in the case 4 4 16-QAM; however, in the case 4 4 64- QAM, the new algorithms are far more efficient than the Single Tree Search algorithm. & 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work has been partially funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the projects ISIC/2012/006 and PROMETEO II/2014/003, and by Ministerio Espanol de Economia y Competitividad through the project TEC2012-38142-C04 and through the Grant RACHEL TEC2013-47141-C4-4-R.García Mollá, VM.; Simarro Haro, MDLA.; Martínez Zaldívar, FJ.; González Salvador, A.; Vidal Maciá, AM. (2016). Maximum likelihood soft-output detection through Sphere Decoding combined with box optimization. Signal Processing. 125:249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.02.006S24926012

AVOCADO: A Virtual Observatory Census to Address Dwarfs Origins

Dwarf galaxies are by far the most abundant of all galaxy types, yet their properties are still poorly understood -especially due to the observational challenge that their intrinsic faintness represents. AVOCADO aims at establishing firm conclusions on their formation and evolution by constructing a homogeneous, multiwavelength dataset for a statistically significant sample of several thousand nearby dwarfs (-18 < Mi < -14). Using public data and Virtual Observatory tools, we have built GALEX+SDSS+2MASS spectral energy distributions that are fitted by a library of single stellar population models. Star formation rates, stellar masses, ages and metallicities are further complemented with structural parameters that can be used to classify them morphologically. This unique dataset, coupled with a detailed characterization of each dwar's environment, allows for a fully comprehensive investigation of their origins and to track the (potential) evolutionary paths between the different dwarf types.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. To appear in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 277, "Tracing the Ancestry of Galaxies on the Land of our Ancestors", Carignan, Freeman, and Combes, ed

El perfil competencial laboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual en centros ocupacionales

Labour integration has a positive impact on people with Intellectual Disability (ID), being employment a key element in their process of social integration and community participation. The aim of this research is to optimize the labour integration and professional development of people with mild and moderate ID in order to facilitate their social inclusion. A non-probabilistic incidental sampling was carried out, with the participation of 16 occupational centres of Barcelona’s metropolitan area. A questionnaire was created and administered to 100 people with mild and moderate ID. A non-experimental research design was used, in which the professional skills of the participants in their natural professional context (occupational centres) were analysed. Results show a statistically significant relationship (positive and moderate) between all the competences. People with ID have a similar development in the analysed competences; those with a low degree of ID show higher levels of competence than those with moderate ID. It is noteworthy that, regardless of the degree, all the evaluated competences exceed the average score. The fact that the participants in the research are located in occupational centres is certainly a variable that facilitates their competence development.La inserción laboral repercute positivamente en el entorno del colectivo de personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI), y el empleo es decisivo en su proceso de integración social y participación comunitaria. Se pretenden optimizar los procesos de integración laboral y desarrollo profesional de las personas con DI leve y moderada para facilitar su inclusión social. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo incidental, en el que participaron 16 centros ocupacionales de la provincia de Barcelona. Se creó y aplicó un cuestionario a 100 personas con grados de DI leve y moderado. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental, en el que se analizaron las competencias profesionales de los participantes en su contexto natural (centros ocupacionales). Se constata una relación (positiva y moderada) estadísticamente significativa entre todas las competencias. Las personas con DI tienen un desarrollo similar en las competencias analizadas; las que presentan un grado de DI leve muestran niveles competenciales superiores a los de las personas con DI moderada. Es destacable que, independientemente del grado, todas las competencias evaluadas superen la puntuación media. Seguramente el hecho de que las personas analizadas estén ubicadas en centros ocupacionales es una variable que facilita su desarrollo competencial

Irrigation Post-Modernization. Farmers Envisioning Irrigation Policy in the Region of Valencia (Spain)

[EN] During the last three decades, like many other Mediterranean states, Spain has intensively promoted the modernization of irrigation, focusing mainly on the introduction of pressurized irrigation systems. Following 30 years of investment, a shift in irrigation policies is needed to solve some of the deficiencies in this modernization process and to incorporate new measures to cope with upcoming challenges generated by international markets, climate change and other social and economic processes. This paper describes and analyses the results of participatory research carried out with the water user associations in the autonomous region of Valencia, in order to define post-modernization irrigation policies. A survey and 24 local workshops involving 304 water user associations were conducted during the irrigation season of 2018 in order to form an assessment of the sector and design new irrigation policies. The results show that after 30 years of important investment, the obsolescence of the infrastructure has become the current main priority, making farmers dependent on public subsidies. New necessities have also emerged, such as renewable energies and nonconventional water resources, which farmers consider indispensable in order to reduce operating costs and guarantee water supply.This work has been developed under the framework of the research agreement "Estudio para la modernizacion del regadio en la Comunidad Valenciana", between the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and the Generalitat Valenciana, and conducted as part of the research project "Design and evaluation of strategies to adapt to global climate change in Mediterranean watersheds by using irrigation water intensively (ADAPTAMED)" (RTI2018-101483-B-I00), funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain and with EU FEDER funds.Sanchis Ibor, C.; Ortega-Reig, M.; Guillem-Garcia, A.; Carricondo, JM.; Manzano Juarez, J.; García Molla, M.; Royuela, A. (2021). Irrigation Post-Modernization. Farmers Envisioning Irrigation Policy in the Region of Valencia (Spain). Agriculture. 11(4):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040317S121114Siebert, S., Kummu, M., Porkka, M., Döll, P., Ramankutty, N., & Scanlon, B. R. (2015). A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(3), 1521-1545. doi:10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015Projects in Irrigation and Drainage https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/projects-list?sectorcode_exact=AIInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), World Irrigated Area 2018 https://www.icid.org/world-irrigated-area.pdfBenouniche, M., Zwarteveen, M., & Kuper, M. (2014). BRICOLAGEAS INNOVATION: OPENING THE BLACK BOX OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. Irrigation and Drainage, 63(5), 651-658. doi:10.1002/ird.1854Van der Kooij, S., Zwarteveen, M., & Kuper, M. (2015). The material of the social: the mutual shaping of institutions by irrigation technology and society in Seguia Khrichfa, Morocco. International Journal of the Commons, 9(1), 129. doi:10.18352/ijc.539Ortega-Reig, M., Sanchis-Ibor, C., Palau-Salvador, G., García-Mollá, M., & Avellá-Reus, L. (2017). Institutional and management implications of drip irrigation introduction in collective irrigation systems in Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 187, 164-172. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.009García-Mollá, M., Ortega-Reig, M., Boelens, R., & Sanchis-Ibor, C. (2020). Hybridizing the commons. Privatizing and outsourcing collective irrigation management after technological change in Spain. World Development, 132, 104983. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104983Lecina, S., Isidoro, D., Playán, E., & Aragüés, R. (2010). Irrigation Modernization in Spain: Effects on Water Quantity and Quality—A Conceptual Approach. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(2), 265-282. doi:10.1080/07900621003655734Berbel, J., & Mateos, L. (2014). Does investment in irrigation technology necessarily generate rebound effects? A simulation analysis based on an agro-economic model. Agricultural Systems, 128, 25-34. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.04.002Berbel, J., Gutiérrez-Martín, C., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. A., Camacho, E., & Montesinos, P. (2014). Literature Review on Rebound Effect of Water Saving Measures and Analysis of a Spanish Case Study. Water Resources Management, 29(3), 663-678. doi:10.1007/s11269-014-0839-0Berbel, J., Gutiérrez-Martín, C., & Expósito, A. (2018). Impacts of irrigation efficiency improvement on water use, water consumption and response to water price at field level. Agricultural Water Management, 203, 423-429. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.026Molle, F., & Tanouti, O. (2017). Squaring the circle: Agricultural intensification vs. water conservation in Morocco. Agricultural Water Management, 192, 170-179. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.07.009Pérez-Blanco, C. D., Hrast-Essenfelder, A., & Perry, C. (2020). Irrigation Technology and Water Conservation: A Review of the Theory and Evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 14(2), 216-239. doi:10.1093/reep/reaa004Rodríguez-Díaz, J. A., Pérez-Urrestarazu, L., Camacho-Poyato, E., & Montesinos, P. (2011). The paradox of irrigation scheme modernization: more efficient water use linked to higher energy demand. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(4), 1000. doi:10.5424/sjar/20110904-492-10Rocamora, C., Vera, J., & Abadía, R. (2012). Strategy for Efficient Energy Management to solve energy problems in modernized irrigation: analysis of the Spanish case. Irrigation Science, 31(5), 1139-1158. doi:10.1007/s00271-012-0394-5Espinosa-Tasón, J., Berbel, J., & Gutiérrez-Martín, C. (2020). Energized water: Evolution of water-energy nexus in the Spanish irrigated agriculture, 1950–2017. Agricultural Water Management, 233, 106073. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106073Lopez-Gunn, E., Zorrilla, P., Prieto, F., & Llamas, M. R. (2012). Lost in translation? Water efficiency in Spanish agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 108, 83-95. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.01.005Garb, Y., & Friedlander, L. (2014). From transfer to translation: Using systemic understandings of technology to understand drip irrigation uptake. Agricultural Systems, 128, 13-24. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.04.003Venot, J.-P., Zwarteveen, M., Kuper, M., Boesveld, H., Bossenbroek, L., Kooij, S. V. D., … Verma, S. (2014). BEYOND THE PROMISES OF TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW OF THE DISCOURSES AND ACTORS WHO MAKE DRIP IRRIGATION. Irrigation and Drainage, 63(2), 186-194. doi:10.1002/ird.1839Soto-García, M., Martínez-Alvarez, V., García-Bastida, P. A., Alcon, F., & Martin-Gorriz, B. (2013). Effect of water scarcity and modernisation on the performance of irrigation districts in south-eastern Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 124, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2013.03.019Playán, E., Salvador, R., López, C., Lecina, S., Dechmi, F., & Zapata, N. (2014). Solid-Set Sprinkler Irrigation Controllers Driven by Simulation Models: Opportunities and Bottlenecks. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 140(1), 04013001. doi:10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000653Tarjuelo, J. M., Rodriguez-Diaz, J. A., Abadía, R., Camacho, E., Rocamora, C., & Moreno, M. A. (2015). Efficient water and energy use in irrigation modernization: Lessons from Spanish case studies. Agricultural Water Management, 162, 67-77. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2015.08.009Informe Del Sector Agrari Valencià 2019: València: Generalitat Valenciana 2021 http://www.agroambient.gva.es/va/informes-del-sector-agrario-valencianoPlan Hidrológico de la Cuenca Del Júcar 2015–2021 https://www.chj.es/es-es/medioambiente/planificacionhidrologica/Paginas/PHC-2015–2021-Plan-Hidrologico-cuenca.aspxPlan Hidrológico de la Demarcación Del Segura 2015–2021 https://www.chsegura.es/es/cuenca/planificacion/planificacion-2015–2021/plan-hidrologico-2015–2021/index.htmlMaster Plan for the Modernization of Irrigation in the Valencia Region, DECRETO 13/1995 de 10 de Enero, Del Gobierno Valenciano, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Plan Director de Modernización Del Regadío de la Comunidad http://www.dogv.gva.es/portal/ficha_disposicion_pc.jsp?sig=0185/1995&L=1Scheierling, S. M., Young, R. A., & Cardon, G. E. (2006). Public subsidies for water-conserving irrigation investments: Hydrologic, agronomic, and economic assessment. Water Resources Research, 42(3). doi:10.1029/2004wr003809Ward, F. A., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2008). Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(47), 18215-18220. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805554105Pfeiffer, L., & Lin, C.-Y. C. (2014). Does efficient irrigation technology lead to reduced groundwater extraction? Empirical evidence. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 67(2), 189-208. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2013.12.002Dagnino, M., & Ward, F. A. (2012). Economics of Agricultural Water Conservation: Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(4), 577-600. doi:10.1080/07900627.2012.665801A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2012 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0673&from=ENSanchis-Ibor, C., García-Mollá, M., & Avellà-Reus, L. (2016). Effects of drip irrigation promotion policies on water use and irrigation costs in Valencia, Spain. Water Policy, 19(1), 165-180. doi:10.2166/wp.2016.025LIU, B., MEI, X., LI, Y., & YANG, Y. (2007). The Connotation and Extension of Agricultural Water Resources Security. Agricultural Sciences in China, 6(1), 11-16. doi:10.1016/s1671-2927(07)60011-xMalekian, A., Hayati, D., & Aarts, N. (2017). Conceptualizations of water security in the agricultural sector: Perceptions, practices, and paradigms. Journal of Hydrology, 544, 224-232. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.026Swyngedouw, E. (2013). Into the Sea: Desalination as Hydro-Social Fix in Spain. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(2), 261-270. doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.754688Swyngedouw, E., & Williams, J. (2016). From Spain’s hydro-deadlock to the desalination fix. Water International, 41(1), 54-73. doi:10.1080/02508060.2016.1107705Análisis y Evaluación de Las Relaciones Entre El Agua y la Energía, Papeles de Agua Virtual 6, Madrid: Fundación Botín https://www.fundacionbotin.org/89dguuytdfr276ed_uploads/Observatorio%20Tendencias/PUBLICACIONES/MONOGRAFIAS/PAV/PAV6.pdfHardy, L., Garrido, A., & Juana, L. (2012). Evaluation of Spain’s Water-Energy Nexus. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(1), 151-170. doi:10.1080/07900627.2012.642240Mayor, B., López-Gunn, E., Villarroya, F. I., & Montero, E. (2015). Application of a water–energy–food nexus framework for the Duero river basin in Spain. Water International, 40(5-6), 791-808. doi:10.1080/02508060.2015.1071512La Subida de Las Tarifas Eléctricas Ahoga a Los Regantes Españoles Iagua https://www.iagua.es/noticias/tarifas/14/02/11/la-factura-electrica-de-los-regantes-se-ha-incrementado-en-mas-de-un-80-desde-2008-45084González-Pavón, C., Arviza-Valverde, J., Balbastre-Peralta, I., Carot Sierra, J. M., & Palau-Salvador, G. (2020). Are Water User Associations Prepared for a Second-Generation Modernization? The Case of the Valencian Community (Spain). Water, 12(8), 2136. doi:10.3390/w12082136Agrawal, A. (2001). Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources. World Development, 29(10), 1649-1672. doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00063-8Wheeler, S. A., Carmody, E., Grafton, R. Q., Kingsford, R. T., & Zuo, A. (2020). The rebound effect on water extraction from subsidising irrigation infrastructure in Australia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 159, 104755. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104755Grafton, R. Q., Williams, J., Perry, C. J., Molle, F., Ringler, C., Steduto, P., … Allen, R. G. (2018). The paradox of irrigation efficiency. Science, 361(6404), 748-750. doi:10.1126/science.aat931

Improving the Performance ofWater Policies: Evidence from Drought in Spain

[EN] Water scarcity is a critical environmental issue worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In those regions, climate change projections suggest further reductions in freshwater supplies and increases of the recurrence, longevity and intensity of drought events. At present, one important question for policy debate is the identification of water policies that could address the mounting water scarcity problems. Suitable policies should improve economic efficiency, achieve environmental sustainability, and meet equity needs. This paper develops and applies an integrated hydro-economic model that links hydrological, economic and environmental elements to such issues. The model is used to conduct a direct comparison of water markets, water pricing and institutional cooperation, based on their economic, environmental and equity outcomes. The analysis is performed in the Jucar Basin of Spain, which is a good natural experiment for studying water scarcity and climate change policies. Results indicate that both institutional and water market policies are high performing instruments to limit the economic damage costs of droughts, achieving almost the same social benefits. However, the environmental effects of water markets are worrying. Another important finding is that water pricing is a poor policy option not only in terms of private and environmental benefits but also in terms of equity. Guardar / Salir Siguiente >This study was financed by project INIA RTA2010-00109-C04 and INIA RTA2014-00050-00-00 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness partially financed by ERDF funds, and project BIL/13/MA/072 from MAPFRE Foundation. The Ministry supported also a Ph.D scholarship of the first author. Among individuals, special assistance has been provided by Manuel Pulido-Velazquez (UPV), Alfonso Calera and David Sanz (IDR), and Maria Calera (UCL).Kahil, MT.; Albiac, J.; Dinar, A.; Calvo, E.; Esteban, E.; Avellá Reus, LF.; García Molla, M. (2016). Improving the Performance ofWater Policies: Evidence from Drought in Spain. Water. 8(2):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8020034S11582Konikow, L. F. (2011). Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(17), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2011gl048604BOOKER, J. F., HOWITT, R. E., MICHELSEN, A. M., & YOUNG, R. A. (2011). ECONOMICS AND THE MODELING OF WATER RESOURCES AND POLICIES. Natural Resource Modeling, 25(1), 168-218. doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00105.xCoase, R. H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost. The Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44. doi:10.1086/466560Ostrom, E. (1999). Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. 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The evolution of H{\sc ii} galaxies: Testing the bursting scenario through the use of self-consistent models

We have computed a series of realistic and self-consistent models of the emitted spectra of H{\sc ii} galaxies. Our models combine different codes of chemical evolution, evolutionary population synthesis and photoionization. The emitted spectrum of H{\sc ii} galaxies is reproduced by means of the photoionization code CLOUDY, using as ionizing spectrum the spectral energy distribution of the modelled H{\sc ii} galaxy, which in turn is calculated according to a Star Formation History (SFH) and a metallicity evolution given by a chemical evolution model that follows the abundances of 15 different elements. The contribution of emission lines to the broad-band colours is explicitly taken into account. The results of our code are compared with photometric and spectroscopic data of H{\sc ii} galaxies. Our technique reproduces observed diagnostic diagrams, abundances, equivalent width-colour and equivalent width-metallicity relations for local H{\sc ii} galaxies.Comment: 13 figures and 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS Main Journa