Criteria for tramway and metro lines implantation

La finalitat d’aquesta tesina es recopilar i valorar els arguments emprats en aquesta discussió amb la finalitat de portar una mica més de llum a la qüestió “És millor el tramvia o el metro?”. Així, en base a una extensa recerca bibliogràfica s’han estudiat els tramvies i els metros moderns per tal de poder escollir una sèrie de criteris quantitatius i qualitatius que permetin definir de forma general les característiques d’aquests dos modes de transport ferroviari urbà. Els criteris seleccionats han estat la velocitat, la capacitat, l’accessibilitat, els costos, els aspectes ambientals i els aspectes geomètrics, la seguretat i finalment els aspectes d’intervenció urbanística. Amb l’esmentada cerca bibliogràfica s’han establert i valorat per a cada criteri un conjunt de paràmetres o indicadors per tal de decidir la idoneïtat d’un mode de transport o l’altre en cada aspecte considerat

Etnoecología : punto de encuentro entre naturaleza y cultura

La etnoecología ha sido definida como el estudio interdisciplinar de los sistemas de conocimiento, prácticas, y creencias de los diferentes grupos humanos sobre su ambiente. En las décadas de los 60 y 70, los primeros estudios en etnoecología se centraron en documentar cómo diferentes grupos indígenas clasificaban elementos de su medio ambiente (e.g., plantas). A mediados de los 80, la revalorización internacional del conocimiento ecológico local generó un creciente interés académico en el tema. El interés se centró en estudiar el conocimiento ecológico local como una posible herramienta en la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales. En las dos últimas décadas, la etnoecología ha buscado entender y promover el papel de los sistemas locales de conocimiento ecológico en la conservación y el desarrollo. En este artículo 1) revisamos los antecedentes históricos de la etnoecología, 2) apuntamos algunos de los temas que actualmente lideran la investigación en esta disciplina, y 3) planteamos los principales retos que enfrenta la etnoecología para entender y contribuir a manejar algunos de los problemas ambientales actuales.Ethnoecology has been defined as the interdisciplinary study of the knowledge, practices, and believes of human groups about their environment. Ethnoecology started in the 1960's with an interest in documenting how indigenous peoples classified environmental features such as plant species. By the mid-1980s, the international recognition of the potential value of local ecological knowledge generated increasing academic interest in the topic. Researchers started studying local ecological knowledge as a way to help humans adapt to their environment. During the last two decades ethnoecological research has stressed how local ecological knowledge might be used in applied fields such as conservation and development. In this article, we 1) revie

The implementation of mindfulness in healthcare Systems: a theoretical analysis

Objective: Evidence regarding the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) is increasing exponentially; however, there are still challenges to their integration in healthcare systems. Our goal is to provide a conceptual framework that addresses these challenges in order to bring about scholarly dialog and support healthmanagers and practitioners with the implementation of MBIs in healthcare. Method: This is an opinative narrative review based on theoretical and empirical data that address key issues in the implementation ofmindfulness in healthcare systems, such as the training of professionals, funding and costs of interventions, cost effectiveness and innovative delivery models. Results: Weshowthat even in the United Kingdom,where mindfulness has a high level of implementation, there is a high variability in the access toMBIs. In addition,we discuss innovative approaches based on 'complex interventions,' 'stepped-care' and 'low intensity-high volume' concepts that may prove fruitful in the development and implementation of MBIs in national healthcare systems, particularly in Primary Care. Conclusion: In order to better understand barriers and opportunities for mindfulness implementation in healthcare systems, it is necessary to be aware that MBIs are 'complex interventions,' which require innovative approaches and delivery models to implement these interventions in a cost-effective and accessible way

Experimental studies of QCD using flavour tagged jets with DELPHI

Identified $b\overline{b}g$ and $q\overline{q}\gamma$ events from DELPHI are used to measure the ratio of the mean charged particle multiplicity distribution between gluon and quark jets. The dependence of this ratio with the jet energy is established using about three million Z$^0$ decays. Results from all other detectors are discussed and compared. A nice agreement is found among all them. The ratio between the normalized total three-jet cross sections of $b\overline{b}g$ and $q\overline{q}g, q \equiv u,d,s$ events is also determined. The preliminary value obtained indicates that $b$ quarks are experimentaly seen to radiate less than light quarks due to their higher mass. The suggested experimental error is $\sim$300 MeV for the $b$ mass determination at the M$_Z$ scale.Comment: Latex, 5 pages, 3 figures,to appear in the Proceedings of the High Energy Physics International Euroconference on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD '96), Montpellier, France, 4-12th July 1996. Ed. S. Narison, Nucl Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.

Epitaxial stabilization of ε-Fe2O3 (00l) thin films on SrTiO3 (111)

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.Thin films of the metastable and elusive ε-Fe2O3 have been epitaxially stabilized on SrTiO3 (111) substrates. The ε-Fe2O3 films present a (001) orientation perpendicular to the substrate and three in-plane domains measuring a few nanometers and showing atomically sharp interfaces. We argue that this domain structure, rather than the epitaxial-strain, plays an essential role in stabilizing the ε-Fe2O3 by minimizing the energy of (100) surfaces. The ε-Fe2O3 films show a large in-plane coercivity ∼ 8 kOe which combined with the magnetoelectric character claimed for this oxide may lead to novel applications in spintronics

Socioneuroscience and its contributions to conscious versus unconscious volition and control. The case of gender violence prevention

Research in neuroscience is being very fruitful in providing evidence about the influence of social experience in the architecture and functioning of the brain. In so doing, neuroscience is posing new and fascinating research questions to examine in depth the social processes that produce those neural changes. To undertake the task of tackling such research questions, evidence from the social sciences are necessary to better understand how different types of social experiences produce different types of synaptic changes and even modify subcortical brain structures differently. It will be the dialogue between neuroscience, other natural sciences and the social sciences which will advance the scientific understanding of plastic changes in the brain which result from complex social experiences that have been traditionally studied by the social sciences. Socioneuroscience constitutes the arena for such interdisciplinary dialogue and research that can both advance the scientific understanding of the human brain and provide evidence-based solutions to most urgent social problems. Socioneuroscience studies the relations between the human brain and social interactions taking into account knowledge from all social sciences and the natural sciences. Processes of conscious versus unconscious social volition and control is one central area of inquiry in socioneuroscience. In this article, we discuss the dominant coercive discourse in society -which presents males with aggressive attitudes and behaviors as more attractive- as an example of social control of human volition which imprisons many individuals' sexual freedom. However, due to brain plasticity, certain experiences that question such dominant discourse and empty violence from attractiveness open up the possibility for the individual and the society to break free from the neural wiring imposed by the dominant coercive discourse and, in the words of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, be ourselves "the architects of our brain", contributing to overcome violence against women

Empleo, productividad y equilibrio exterior. Los retos pendientes de la economía catalana

ESDE mediados de la década de los cincuenta hasta la actualidad la economía catalana ha registrado un notable proceso de desarrollo que ha permitido la convergencia con los países del entorno (véase Parellada y García, 2015). Entre 1955 y 2014, el PIB ha crecido a una tasa anual acumulativa del 3,3 por 100, seis déci mas por encima de la media de la UE-15 y el PIB per cápita se situó en el año 2007, antes del impacto de la crisis económica, un 21,4 por 100 por encima de la media de UE-28 y un 8,6 por 100 superior a la UE-15. ..

Evidence for a chemically differentiated outflow in Mrk 231

Aims: Our goal is to study the chemical composition of the outflows of active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies. Methods: We obtained high-resolution interferometric observations of HCN and HCO$^+$ $J=1\rightarrow0$ and $J=2\rightarrow1$ of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk~231 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. We also use previously published observations of HCN and HCO$^+$ $J=1\rightarrow0$ and $J=3\rightarrow2$, and HNC $J=1\rightarrow0$ in the same source. Results: In the line wings of the HCN, HCO$^+$, and HNC emission, we find that these three molecular species exhibit features at distinct velocities which differ between the species. The features are not consistent with emission lines of other molecular species. Through radiative transfer modelling of the HCN and HCO$^+$ outflow emission we find an average abundance ratio $X(\mathrm{HCN})/X(\mathrm{HCO}^+)\gtrsim1000$. Assuming a clumpy outflow, modelling of the HCN and HCO$^+$ emission produces strongly inconsistent outflow masses. Conclusions: Both the anti-correlated outflow features of HCN and HCO$^+$ and the different outflow masses calculated from the radiative transfer models of the HCN and HCO$^+$ emission suggest that the outflow is chemically differentiated. The separation between HCN and HCO$^+$ could be an indicator of shock fronts present in the outflow, since the HCN/HCO$^+$ ratio is expected to be elevated in shocked regions. Our result shows that studies of the chemistry in large-scale galactic outflows can be used to better understand the physical properties of these outflows and their effects on the interstellar medium (ISM) in the galaxy.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&