Small and large intestine (II): Inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome, and malignant tumors of the digestive tract

The small intestine is key in the digestion and absorption of macro and micronutrients. The large intestine is essential for the absorption of water, to allow adequate defecation, and to har-bor intestinal microbiota, for which their nutritional role is as important as it is unknown. This article will describe the causes and consequences of malnutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, the importance of screening and replacement of micronutrient deficits, and the main indi-cations for enteral and parenteral nutrition in these patients. We will also discuss the causes of short bowel syndrome, a complex entity due to anatomical or functional loss of part of the small bowel, which can cause insufficient absorption of liquid, electrolytes, and nutrients and lead to complex management. Finally, we will review the causes, consequences, and management of malnutrition in patients with malignant and benign digestive tumors, including neuroendocrine tumors (present not only in the intestine but also in the pancreas). © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

ALMA polarimetry measures magnetically aligned dust grains in the torus of NGC 1068

The obscuring structure surrounding active galactic nuclei (AGN) can be explained as a dust and gas flow cycle that fundamentally connects the AGN with their host galaxies. This structure is believed to be associated with dusty winds driven by radiation pressure. However, the role of magnetic fields, which are invoked in almost all models for accretion onto a supermassive black hole and outflows, is not thoroughly studied. Here we report the first detection of polarized thermal emission by means of magnetically aligned dust grains in the dusty torus of NGC 1068 using ALMA Cycle 4 polarimetric dust continuum observations ($0.07"$, $4.2$ pc; 348.5 GHz, $860$ $\mu$m). The polarized torus has an asymmetric variation across the equatorial axis with a peak polarization of $3.7\pm0.5$\% and position angle of $109\pm2^{\circ}$ (B-vector) at $\sim8$ pc east from the core. We compute synthetic polarimetric observations of magnetically aligned dust grains assuming a toroidal magnetic field and homogeneous grain alignment. We conclude that the measured 860 $\mu$m continuum polarization arises from magnetically aligned dust grains in an optically thin region of the torus. The asymmetric polarization across the equatorial axis of the torus arises from 1) an inhomogeneous optical depth, and 2) a variation of the velocity dispersion, i.e. variation of the magnetic field turbulence at sub-pc scales, from the eastern to the western region of the torus. These observations and modeling constrain the torus properties beyond spectral energy distribution results. This study strongly supports that magnetic fields up to a few pc contribute to the accretion flow onto the active nuclei.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures (Accepted for Publication to ApJ

El estado del arte de la tecnología al servicio de la construcción

Throughout history, the concept of evolution has been applied in all known domains. Homes may be said to constitute technology inasmuch as they adopt objects, tools and designs geared to fulfilling the most important human aspirations such as comfort, safety, status, rest, harmony, nutrition and so forth. Human beings have always looked to their surroundings to acquire such technology - the technology characteristic of each age. What this article intends to convey, therefore, is how humanity deals with this constant evolution in the context of today’s technologies, as well as the laws of supply and demand in market economies.The integration, application and implementation of a combination of technologies in home architecture is known as domotics, a term widely used but apparently not entirely satisfactory to all concerned. Industry consensus has been reached, however, around the objective of all this evolution, which is none other than to furnish useful applications and services for all the inhabitants of a home or a community.The present article provides an overview of the new concept ”Intelligent environment” and all it entails, discussing origins, contributions, surrounding social environment and a brief description of the various technologies and services available at this time, while stressing the gradual growth of the concept.El concepto de evolución se ha aplicado siempre en todos los ámbitos conocidos a lo largo de nuestra historia. Se podría decir que el hogar es tecnología en cuanto al hecho de que incorpora en la medida de lo posible objetos, herramientas y diseños orientados a los objetivos humanos más importantes como la comodidad, seguridad, status, descanso, convivencia, alimentación, etc. Para conseguir esa tecnología, el ser humano siempre se ha valido del entorno y, por tanto, de la tecnología de cada época. Lo que se pretende dar a conocer es, por tanto, cómo enfoca el ser humano esta constante evolutiva de acuerdo a las tecnologías que conocemos en la actualidad, atendiendo a las ofertas y demandas del mercado.La integración, aplicación y puesta en marcha de la combinación de tecnologías en la arquitectura del hogar, se conoce en la actualidad como Domótica, aunque ni siquiera el término que se maneja parece complacer en cierta medida a los vinculados al sector. Cierto es que en lo que se está de acuerdo es en que el objetivo de toda esta evolución es conseguir aplicaciones y servicios de utilidad para todos los habitantes del hogar o de una comunidad.En este artículo se presenta una visión global sobre todo lo que rodea al nuevo concepto de “Entorno Inteligente”, distinguiendo sus orígenes, aportaciones, el entorno social que lo envuelve, así como la mención a las distintas tecnologías y servicios existentes, siempre destacando el crecimiento progresivo del concepto

Revealing the CO Coverage Driven C-C Coupling Mechanism for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction on Cu₂O Nanocubes via Operando Raman Spectroscopy

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) is an attractive route to close the carbon cycle and potentially turn CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. However, the highly selective generation of multicarbon products remains a challenge, suffering from poor mechanistic understanding. Herein, we used operando Raman spectroscopy to track the potential-dependent reduction of Cu2O nanocubes and the surface coverage of reaction intermediates. In particular, we discovered that the potential-dependent intensity ratio of the Cu–CO stretching band to the CO rotation band follows a volcano trend similar to the CO2RR Faradaic efficiency for multicarbon products. By combining operando spectroscopic insights with Density Functional Theory, we proved that this ratio is determined by the CO coverage and that a direct correlation exists between the potential-dependent CO coverage, the preferred C–C coupling configuration, and the selectivity to C2+ products. Thus, operando Raman spectroscopy can serve as an effective method to quantify the coverage of surface intermediates during an electrocatalytic reaction

Post-glacial evolution of alpine environments in the western Mediterranean region : The Laguna Seca record

In an effort to understand how alpine environments from the western Mediterranean region responded to climate variations since the last glacial-interglacial transition, a detailed chronological control and sedimentological analysis, supported by magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon and C/N data, were carried out on the sedimentary record of Laguna Seca (LS). This is a latitudinal and altitudinally (2259 masl) key alpine wetland site located in the easternmost area of the Sierra Nevada, southern Iberian Peninsula, where sediments accumulated during Heinrich Stadial 1, Bolling-Allerod (B-A) and the Younger Dryas (YD) previously unrecorded in alpine Sierra Nevada. Climate controlled sedimentation in LS and three coarse-grained and one fine-grained facies association are differentiated, which help us decipher the paleoenvironmental evolution of LS: (1) subaerial cohesionless debris flows during a paraglacial stage; (2) till or nival diamicton during a small glacier/nivation hollow stage; (3) massive mudstone by suspension settling of clays into standing water during a lacustrine stage; and (4) frost-shattering breccia deposited inside the lacustrine stage, probably during the YD, and linked to a periglacial substage. The development of a previously existing small glacial cirque during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the LS basin at an elevation between 2500 and 2300 m could be supported by the important availability of slope sediments glacially-conditioned such as debris flows, reworked by paraglacial slope processes during the first deglaciation stages, confirming previous studies of landforms in the catchment area and the LGM-Equilibrium Line Altitude estimation above 2400 masl in Sierra Nevada. Mean sediment accumulation rates in the LS sedimentary units (4.21 and 0.28 mm/yr during the paraglacial small glacier/nivation stage and the lacustrine stage, respectively) confirm that geomorphic activity accelerated just after glaciers retreated due to a slope adjustment and high availability of glacially conditioned sediments. An abrupt change in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions occurred in LS at ~ 15.7 cal kyr BP. This change was probably due to an increase in temperature and precipitation in the western Mediterranean region during the B-A. At LS, this resulted in significant ice-melt, forming a deep-water lake in LS with important organic matter contribution until the end of the Early Holocene (except in the YD when the lake level probably dropped), but elsewhere a general glacier recession in the Sierra Nevada and an expansion of the Mediterranean forest in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Finally, the general long-term aridification that occurred during the Middle Holocene until the present in the western Mediterranean region triggered an important environmental change transforming LS into an ephemeral wetland with an increase in aquatic productivity.Peer reviewe

Probing neutrino masses with future galaxy redshift surveys

We perform a new study of future sensitivities of galaxy redshift surveys to the free-streaming effect caused by neutrino masses, adding the information on cosmological parameters from measurements of primary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Our reference cosmological scenario has nine parameters and three different neutrino masses, with a hierarchy imposed by oscillation experiments. Within the present decade, the combination of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and CMB data from the PLANCK experiment will have a 2-sigma detection threshold on the total neutrino mass close to 0.2 eV. This estimate is robust against the inclusion of extra free parameters in the reference cosmological model. On a longer term, the next generation of experiments may reach values of order sum m_nu = 0.1 eV at 2-sigma, or better if a galaxy redshift survey significantly larger than SDSS is completed. We also discuss how the small changes on the free-streaming scales in the normal and inverted hierarchy schemes are translated into the expected errors from future cosmological data.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures. Added results with the KAOS proposal and 1 referenc

Comprehensive analysis of design principles in the context of Industry 4.0

[ES] Los sistemas de producción han evolucionado los últimos años gracias a avances tecnológicos recientes e innovaciones en el proceso de manufactura. El termino Industria 4.0 se ha convertido en prioridad y objeto de estudio para empresas, centros de investigación y universidades, sin existir un consenso generalmente aceptado del término. Como resultado es difícil diseñar e implementar soluciones de Industria 4.0 a nivel académico, científico o empresarial. La contribución de este documento se centra en proporcionar un análisis del significado e implicaciones de Industria 4.0 y exponer de forma detallada 17 principios de diseño fundamentales obtenidos a través de un estudio de mapeo sistemático. Estos principios son eficiencia, integración, flexibilidad, descentralización, personalización, virtualización, seguridad, es holística, orientada a servicios, ubicua, colaborativa, modular, robusta, utiliza información en tiempo real, toma decisiones optimizadas por datos, equilibra la vida laboral y es autónoma e inteligente. A través de estos principios, ingenieros e investigadores están capacitados para investigar e implementar escenarios apropiados de Industria 4.0.[EN] Production systems have evolved in the last years thanks to the recent technological advances and innovations in the manufacturing process. The Industry 4.0 term has become a priority and object of study for companies, research centers and universities, but there is not a generally accepted consensus for the term. As a result, is difficult design and implementation appropriate Industry 4.0 solutions at academic, scientific or business level. The contribution of this paper focuses on providing an analysis of Industry 4.0 meaning and implications and exposes in detail 17 fundamental design principles obtained by a systematic mapping study method. These principles are efficiency, integration, flexibility, decentralization, personalization, virtualization, security, is holistic, ubiquitous, collaborative, modular, robust, use information in real time, makes optimized decisions driven by data, is service-oriented, work life balance and is autonomous and intelligent. With these design principles, engineers and researchers have the capacity to research and implement appropriate Industry 4.0 scenarios.Belman-Lopez, CE.; Jiménez-García, JA.; Hernández-González, S. (2020). Análisis exhaustivo de los principios de diseño en el contexto de Industria 4.0. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 17(4):432-447. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2020.12579OJS432447174Ahmad, A., & Babar, M. (2016). 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International Journal of Information and Communication Engineering, 1-8.Caggiano, A. (2018). Cloud-based manufacturing process monitoring for smart diagnosis services. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 31(7), 612-623. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2018.1425552Cervantes Maceda, H., Velasco-Elizondo, P., & Castro Careaga, L. (2016). Arquitectura de Software. Conceptos y ciclo de desarrollo. Ciudad de México, México: CENGAGE Learning.Charro, A., & Schaefer, D. (2018). Cloud Manufacturing as a new type of Product- Service System. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1018-1033. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2018.1493228Chen, T., & Tsai, H.-R. (2016). Ubiquitous manufacturing: Current practices, challenges, and opportunities. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2016.01.001Chen, X.-W., & Lin, X. (2014). Big Data Deep Learning: Challenges and Perspectives. IEEE Xplore, 514 - 525. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2325029Chen, Y. (2017). Integrated and Intelligent Manufacturing: Perspectives and Enablers. Engineering, 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.009Chiu, Y.-C., Cheng, F.-T., & Huang, H.-C. (2017). Developing a factory-wide intelligent predictive maintenance system based on Industry 4.0. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2017.1362357Ciffolilli, A., & Muscio, A. (2018). Industry 4.0: national and regional comparative advantages in key enabling technologies. European Planning Studies, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1529145Clusterplattform Deutschland . (2019). Clusterplattform Deutschland. Obtenido de Clusterplattform Deutschland: https://www.clusterplattform.de/CLUSTER/Navigation/DE/Home/home.htmlCobo, M., Jürgens, B., Herrero-Solana, V., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Martínez, M. (2018). Industry 4.0: a perspective based on bibliometric analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.278Crawford, M., & ASME.org. (01 de Julio de 2018). How Industry 4.0 Impacts Engineering Design. Obtenido de ASME: https://www.asme.org/engineering- topics/articles/manufacturing-design/industry-40-impacts-engineering-designdefinicionde.org. (27 de Diciembre de 2016). Definición de ubicuo - Que es según la RAE? Obtenido de Definición de las palabras: http://definicionde.org/ubicuo/Delaram, J., & Valilai, O. (2016). Development of a Novel Solution to Enable Integration and Interoperability for Cloud Manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.07.056Delicato, F., Al-Anbuky, A., & Wang, K.-K. (2019). Editorial: Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Toward Pervasive Intelligence systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.06.031Deloitte. (05 de 10 de 2018). ¿Qué es la Industria 4.0? Obtenido de Deloite.: https://www2.deloitte.com/es/es/pages/manufacturing/articles/que-es-la- industria-4.0.htmlDilberoglua, U., Bahar, G., Yaman, U., & Dolen, M. (2017). The role of additive manufacturing in the era of Industry 4.0. International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (págs. 1-10). Italia: Procedia Manufacturing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.148European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis. (2017). Quality audit: Gold Label of the European Cluster Excellence Initiative (ECEI). Obtenido de ESCA: https://www.cluster-analysis.org/gold-label-newEvans, P., & Annunziata, M. (26 de Noviembre de 2012). Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines. Obtenido de GE: https://www.ge.com/docs/chapters/Industrial_Internet.pdfFatorachian, H., & Kazemi, H. (2018). A critical investigation of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing: theoretical operationalisation framework. Production Planning & Control, 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2018.1424960Federal Minister of Education and Research. (2013). Deutschlands Spitzencluster Germany's Leading-Edge Clusters. Obtenido de Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/2593364/3113df3e6f569c97b937bd8747 5564db/data/deutschlands-spitzencluster.pdfFerreira,, J., Sarraipa, J., Ferro-Beca, M., Agostinho, C., Costa, R., & Jardim-Goncalves, R. (2016). End-to-end manufacturing in factories of the future. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2016.1185155Fettermann, D., Cavalcante, C., Domingues de Almeida, T., & Tortorella, G. (2018). How does Industry 4.0 contribute to operations management? Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2018.1462863Francalanza, E., Borg, J., & Constantinescu, C. (2018). Approaches for handling wicked manufacturing system design problems. Procedia CIRP, 67, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.12.189García, M., Irisarri, E., Pérez, F., Estévez, E., & Marcos, M. (2017). Arquitectura de Automatización basada en Sistemas Ciberfísicos para la Fabricación Flexible en la Industria de Petróleo y Gas. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática Industrial, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2017.8823Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI). (1 de Julio de 2014). Industrie 4.0 Smart Manufacturing for the future. Obtenido de Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI): https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Content/CN/Invest/_SharedDocs/Downloads/GTAI/ Brochures/Industries/industrie4.0-smart-manufacturing-for-the-future-en.pdfGhobakhloo, M. (2019). Determinants of information and digital technology implementation for smart manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1630775Götz, M., & Jankowska, B. (2017). Clusters and Industry 4.0 - do they fit together? European Planning Studies, 1633-1653. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1327037Gregor, S. (2002). A Theory of Theories in Information Systems. Information Systems Foundations. Building the Theoretical, 1 - 20.Gregor, S. (2009). Building Theory in the Sciences of the Artificial. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (págs. 1- 10). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/1555619.1555625Henzel, R., & Herzwurm, G. (2018). Cloud Manufacturing: A state-of-the-art survey of current issues. CIRP, 947-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.055Hermann, M., Otto, B., & Pentek, T. (2015). Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios: A Literature Review. ResearchGate, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29269.22248Hernández A., A., Figueroa F., V., & Jiménez G., J. (2018). Propuesta de una metodología de diagnóstico para identificar los requerimientos tecnológicos de una empresa tradicional de manufactura para evolucionar a Industria 4.0. Celaya, Guanajuato, México: Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya.Huang, S., & Yan, Y. (2019). Design of delayed reconfigurable manufacturing system based on part family grouping and machine selection. International Journal of Production Research, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1654631Ibarra, D., Ganzarain, J., & Igartua, J. (2017). Business model innovation through Industry 4.0: A review. Procedia Manufacturing, 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.002Jardim-Goncalves, R., Romero, D., & Grilo, A. (2017). Factories of the future: challenges and leading innovations in intelligent manufacturing. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 30, 4-14.Jazdi, N. (17 de Jolio de 2014). Cyber Physical Systems in the Context of Industry 4.0. IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics. (págs. 1-3). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/AQTR.2014.6857843Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., & Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0. Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group. National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)., 1-82.Kamble, S., Gunasekaran, A., & Gawankar, S. (2018). Sustainable Industry 4.0 framework: A systematic literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.05.009Khan, K., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the royal society of medicine, 118-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680309600304Kipper, L., Furstenau, L., Hoppe, D., Frozza, R., & Iespen, S. (2019). Scopus scientific mapping production in industry 4.0 (2011-2018): a bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1671625Klingenberg, C. (2017). Industry 4.0: what makes it a revolution? EurOMA (págs. 1-11). ResearchGate.Kusiak, A. (2017). Smart manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1351644Laudante, E. (2017). Industry 4.0, Innovation and Design. A new approach for ergonomic analysis in manufacturing system. An International Journal for All Aspects of Design, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352784Lee, J., Ardakani, H., Yang, S., & Bagheri, B. (2015). Industrial big data analytics and cyber-physical systems for future maintenance & service innovation. Procedia CIRP, 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.026Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2014). A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 18- 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001Lee, J., Kao, H.-A., & Yang, S. (2014). Service Innovation and Smart Analytics for Industry 4.0 and Big Data Environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.02.001Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research issues. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005Luque, A., Peralta, E., De las Heras, A., & Córdoba, A. (2017). State of Industry 4.0 in the Andalusian food sector. Procedia Manufacturing, 1199-1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.195Macchi, D., & Solari, M. (2012). Mapeo sistemático de la literatura sobre la Adopción de Inspecciones de Software. Universidad ORT de Uruguay, 1 - 8.MIT Technology Review. (31 de Octubre de 2018). "Digital twin", un gemelo virtual para aconsejar a la Industria 4.0. Obtenido de MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.es/s/10696/digital-twin-un-gemelo-virtual-para- aconsejar-la-industria-40Moghaddam, S., Houshmand, M., Saitou, K., & Valilai, O. (2019). Configuration design of scalable reconfigurable manufacturing systems for part family. International Journal of Production Research, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1620365Moktadir, M., Ali, S., Kusi-Sarpong, S., & Ali Shaikh, M. (2018). Assessing challenges for implementing Industry 4.0: Implications for process safety and environmental protection. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 730- 741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.04.020Muhuri, P., Shukla, A., & Abraham, A. (2019). Industry 4.0: A bibliometric analysis and detailed overview. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 218- 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2018.11.007Nassehi, A., Schaefer, D., Wu, D., Xu, X., & Zaeh, M. (2018). Special issue on 'Cyber-physical product creation for Industry 4.0'. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 611-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2018.1482106Netzwerk Smart Production. (01 de Enero de 2019). Smart Production. Obtenido de Netzwerk Smart Production: https://www.smartproduction.de/Neugebauer, R., Hippmann, S., Leis, M., & Landherr, M. (2016). Industrie 4.0 - From the Perspective of Applied Research. Procedia CIRP, 57, 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.002NIST. (16 de Abril de 2018). Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. Obtenido de National Institute of Standards and Technology: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/CSWP/NIST.CSWP.04162018.pdfNodehi, T., Jardim-Goncalves, R., Zutshi, A., & Grilo, A. (2015). 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Dynamical approach to the Casimir effect

Casimir forces can appear between intrusions placed in different media driven by several fluctuation mechanisms, either in equilibrium or out of it. Herein, we develop a general formalism to obtain such forces from the dynamical equations of the fluctuating medium, the statistical properties of the driving noise, and the boundary conditions of the intrusions (which simulate the interaction between the intrusions and the medium). As a result, an explicit formula for the Casimir force over the intrusions is derived. This formalism contains the thermal Casimir effect as a particular limit and generalizes the study of the Casimir effect to such systems through their dynamical equations, with no appeal to their Hamiltonian, if any exists. In particular, we study the Casimir force between two infinite parallel plates with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, immersed in several media with finite correlation lengths (reaction--diffusion system, liquid crystals, and two coupled fields with non-Hermitian evolution equations). The driving Gaussian noises have vanishing or finite spatial or temporal correlation lengths; in the first case, equilibrium is reobtained and finite correlations produce nonequilibrium dynamics. The results obtained show that, generally, nonequilibrium dynamics leads to Casimir forces, whereas Casimir forces are obtained in equilibrium dynamics if the stress tensor is anisotropic.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur

Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa

The efficiency of two large-volume batch solar reactors [Prototype I (140 L) and II (88 L)] in treating rainwater on-site in a local informal settlement and farming community was assessed. Untreated [Tank 1 and Tank 2-(First-flush)] and treated (Prototype I and II) tank water samples were routinely collected from each site and all the measured physico-chemical parameters (e.g. pH and turbidity, amongst others), anions (e.g. sulphate and chloride, amongst others) and cations (e.g. iron and lead, amongst others) were within national and international drinking water guidelines limits. Culture-based analysis indicated that Escherichia coli, total and faecal coliforms, enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria counts exceeded drinking water guideline limits in 61%, 100%, 45%, 24% and 100% of the untreated tank water samples collected from both sites. However, an 8 hour solar exposure treatment for both solar reactors was sufficient to reduce these indicator organisms to within national and international drinking water standards, with the exception of the heterotrophic bacteria which exceeded the drinking water standard limit in 43% of the samples treated with the Prototype I reactor (1 log reduction). Molecular viability analysis subsequently indicated that mean overall reductions of 75% and 74% were obtained for the analysed indicator organisms (E. coli and enterococci spp.) and opportunistic pathogens (Klebsiella spp., Legionella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts) in the Prototype I and II solar reactors, respectively. The large-volume batch solar reactor prototypes could thus effectively provide four (88 L Prototype II) to seven (144 L Prototype I) people on a daily basis with the basic water requirement for human activities (20 L). Additionally, a generic Water Safety Plan was developed to aid practitioners in identifying risks and implement remedial actions in this type of installation in order to ensure the safety of the treated water

The effect of socialization on employees efficiency: moderating role of perceived organizational support

The present study aims to investigate the effect of socialization on employee’s efficiency with moderating role of perceived organizational support. A field survey approach was used by selecting 30 employees from telecom sector. Pakistan study area was district Hyderabad. Multistage simple random sampling technique used to select employees. Structured questionnaire was used as data instrument. The result confirm that organizational socialization enhance organization commitment of employees, thus reducing cost of losing employees therefore, socialization program must be designed so which fulfills the expectation of employees. On the basis of result it is recommended that government, and non-government organization must enhance friendly environment in their organization to meet the market competition and more output with less input