Cortiça em Marrocos. A excursão florestal de Octavio Elorriera em 1933

This work uses information available in forest reviews and some Spanish Archives to describe the works made by the Spanish and French forest engineers, in Morocco, in the 1930s. In the colonizing efforts of the Spanish government the foresters provided an essential expertise. The forestry activities deal with cartography, forest management, taxonomic and economic botany and a host of related matters. A visit of the forester Elorrieta, who wrote a chronicle of the trip in the review Montes e Industrias, let us to make a description of the forest works in the cork-oak forests of Morocco.Este artículo utiliza la información contenida en revistas forestales y en varios archivos españoles para realizar una aproximación al trabajo realizado por los ingenieros de montes españoles y franceses en Marruecos, durante la década de 1950. En los esfuerzos colonizadores del gobierno hispano los ingenieros españoles, incluidos los forestales, realizaron un trabajo esencial. Las actividades de los servicios forestales del protectorado se enfrentaban con trabajos de cartografía, ordenación forestal, botánica taxonómica y un grupo de temas relacionados. Una visita del ingeniero de montes Octavio Elorrieta, de la que existe una crónica en la revista Montes e Industrias, nos permite hacer una descripción de los trabajos forestales en los alcornocales marroquíes.Este artigo recorre à informação contida em revistas florestais bem como em diversos arquivos de Espanha, a fim de conseguir uma aproximação ao trabalho realizado pelos silvicultores espanhóis e franceses em Marrocos, durante a década de 1930. Dentro dos esforços colonizadores do governo hispânico, os engenheiros espanhóis, incluindo os florestais, realizaram um trabalho essencial. As actividades dos serviços florestais do protectorado incluíam entre outras tarefas, a cartografia, o ordenamento florestal, o estudo da botânica e da taxonomia. Uma visita do silvicultor Octavio Elorrieta, da qual existe uma crónica na revista Montes e Industrias, permite-nos fazer uma descrição dos trabalhos suberícolas nos montados marroquinos

The 'Portuguese Forestry Community' and Research Fellows abroad between 1915 and 1945

One of the areas of greatest interest to a researcher in the field of the history of technology are studies done on the process of appropriating new scientific theories and technologies in countries that can be classified as peripheral in terms of their scientific output. Peripheral countries have been usually classified as those whose academic community is distanced from advanced centers in terms of the research they produce and that have participated to a lesser extent in the process of technical development [SAIZ 2003, 223-245]. This article will attempt to reflect on the process of international technology transfer in the 20th Century, specifically between 1915 and 1946. During this period, the achievement and spread of technological innovations were vital to the development of Portuguese forestry. In less developed European countries such as Portugal, the transfer of foreign technical knowledge was more important than that generated within the nation itself. External technological transfer became an essential factor, without which there would have been no push toward the professionalization of this new profession. Portugal was a country in the periphery of European science and technology. This situation has translated into an external technological dependence in several economic sectors. Reports on travels of learning have become one of the main sources for research in Science and Technology History. The new works of these young engineers will be taken as a valid, albeit only partial, indicator of the direction and structure of the processes of innovation in the Portuguese forestry. Among other things, the degree of Portuguese dependence upon external technology, as well as which countries played an essential role in the transfer of technology; and which scientific specialties depended most on foreign technology can be ascertained. One of the most serious problems confronting any researcher interested in forestry innovation is the evaluation of travels’ importance as a technological indicator of investment tendencies in new technologies. The various means of innovation in an economy are well-known: advances in productive processes can be invented and incorporated, just as they can be imported directly from another country using foreign technicians in their construction. Only innovations that are applied, put into practice and remain productive can be considered as such. From our point of view, new technologies brought by forestry students from abroad are not only a partial technical indicator, but are also, depending on whether or not they are put in practice, an important indicator of those tendencies in new technologies. In general, the decision to send Portuguese students to international technological centers is based on expected profits from the new techniques to be imported, and how complex the new technology is. Taking into account the advantage that travels of learning provide as a source of study (as a consequence of the existence of some kind of travel reports), it is surprising that they have not been used more often as raw material for forest history research. Here, as already mentioned, we can draw valid conclusions and extrapolate them to the process of forestry renewal in Portugal. This permits an understanding of the nature and direction of technological changes, the structure of the transfer and the importance of outside technology. This study is based on a sample of articles found in various agronomy and forestry reviews. Bulletins has served, from its inception, as the agronomy and forestry students' official bulletin (Boletim Agros), in which travel reports were customarily published. With time we will look for all the foresters’ information in the Arquivo Histórico do Instituto Camões. We will study the cases of the following fellows: Mário Azevedo Gomes (USA, 1915), Joaquim Vieira Natividade (UK, 1931), Francisco Santos Hall (USA and Germany, 1931), Francisco Caldeira Cabral (Germany, 1936), Francisco Mimoso Flores (USA, 1936) and Carlos Manuel Baeta Neves (Spain, 1946)

La primera Dirección General de Montes (1833-1842)

Peer Reviewe

The intellectual’s cork: the management of Mário Saa's cork forests (1893-1971)

Mário Saa, uno de los intelectuales más destacados del Alentejo del siglo XX, pasó buena parte de su vida en una finca del municipio de Avis: Pero Viegas. El cortijo de Pero Viegas, construido en los últimos años del siglo XIX por el padre, constituía la sede de la casa agrícola. La familia había arrendado en 1917 la mayor parte de las tierras y vivía principalmente de ese rendimiento. Mário Saa, no habiendo concluido los cursos universitarios iniciados, dependía de los ingresos de la agricultura y del corcho. En el archivo de la Fundación Paes Teles existe documentación sobre la administración de las fincas en los últimos treinta años de vida del escritor: desde correspondencia con industriales corcheros, hasta cartografía de las diferentes propiedades. La dehesa portuguesa de alcornoque es hoy un tipo de propiedad casi exclusivamente de titularidad privada y por ese motivo son casi inexistentes los archivos donde consultar la historia agraria de estas grandes propiedades. La existencia de esta documentación en la sede de la fundación en Ervedal, posibilita una nueva mirada sobre la historia agraria del Alentejo en el siglo XX.Mário Saa, one of the most outstanding intellectuals of the Alentejo of the 20th century, spent much of his life on a forestry farm in the municipality of Avis: Pero Viegas. The farm of Pero Viegas, built in the last years of the XIX century by the father, constituted the headquarters of the agricultural house. The family had leased most of the land in 1917 and lived mainly from that yield. Mário Saa, having not finished university courses, depended on the income from agriculture and cork. In the archive of the Foundation Paes Teles, there is documentation on the administration of the estates during the last thirty years of the writer’s life: from correspondence with cork industrialists, to cartography of the different properties. The Portuguese farms of cork oak are today a type of property almost exclusively of private ownership and, for this reason, archives are almost nonexistent for consulting the agrarian history of these great properties. The existence of this documentation in the headquarters of the foundation in Ervedal, allows a new look at the agrarian history of the Alentejo in the XX century.peerReviewe

The intellectual’s cork: the management of Mário Saa's cork forests (1893-1971)

Mário Saa, uno de los intelectuales más destacados del Alentejo del siglo XX, pasó buena parte de su vida en una finca del municipio de Avis: Pero Viegas. El cortijo de Pero Viegas, construido en los últimos años del siglo XIX por el padre, constituía la sede de la casa agrícola. La familia había arrendado en 1917 la mayor parte de las tierras y vivía principalmente de ese rendimiento. Mário Saa, no habiendo concluido los cursos universitarios iniciados, dependía de los ingresos de la agricultura y del corcho. En el archivo de la Fundación Paes Teles existe documentación sobre la administración de las fincas en los últimos treinta años de vida del escritor: desde correspondencia con industriales corcheros, hasta cartografía de las diferentes propiedades. La dehesa portuguesa de alcornoque es hoy un tipo de propiedad casi exclusivamente de titularidad privada y por ese motivo son casi inexistentes los archivos donde consultar la historia agraria de estas grandes propiedades. La existencia de esta documentación en la sede de la fundación en Ervedal, posibilita una nueva mirada sobre la historia agraria del Alentejo en el siglo XX.Mário Saa, one of the most outstanding intellectuals of the Alentejo of the 20th century, spent much of his life on a forestry farm in the municipality of Avis: Pero Viegas. The farm of Pero Viegas, built in the last years of the XIX century by the father, constituted the headquarters of the agricultural house. The family had leased most of the land in 1917 and lived mainly from that yield. Mário Saa, having not finished university courses, depended on the income from agriculture and cork. In the archive of the Foundation Paes Teles, there is documentation on the administration of the estates during the last thirty years of the writer’s life: from correspondence with cork industrialists, to cartography of the different properties. The Portuguese farms of cork oak are today a type of property almost exclusively of private ownership and, for this reason, archives are almost nonexistent for consulting the agrarian history of these great properties. The existence of this documentation in the headquarters of the foundation in Ervedal, allows a new look at the agrarian history of the Alentejo in the XX century.peerReviewe

The water culture of the Order of Christ in the making of a self-sufficient and sustainable hydric system

Focusing on the Convent of Christ in Portugal, this article presents an overview of the power and control exercised by the Order of Christ over the territory's water management, inside the monastic enclosure and over the Nabao River, from the late fifteenth century until the nineteenth century. Based on multi-interdisci-plinary methodologies, we argue that the monastic enclosure was multi-functional, sus-tainable, self-sufficient and the stage for the most sophisticated hydraulic system of early modern Portugal. Following a recent review, and based on archival research, a 3D re-construction and mapping tools, we demonstrate that the system did not work exclusively through gravity. In an early phase, pumps were in use at the Convent of Christ circa 1537 to remove water from cisterns in a technology transferred from ships into gardens. Moreover, this article also reveals the total control of the Order wielded over the Nabao as a source of energy through to the abolition of Religious Orders in 1834.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Explainable machine learning for project management control

Project control is a crucial phase within project management aimed at ensuring —in an integrated manner— that the project objectives are met according to plan. Earned Value Management —along with its various refinements— is the most popular and widespread method for top-down project control. For project control under uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulation and statistical/machine learning models extend the earned value framework by allowing the analysis of deviations, expected times and costs during project progress. Recent advances in explainable machine learning, in particular attribution methods based on Shapley values, can be used to link project control to activity properties, facilitating the interpretation of interrelations between activity characteristics and control objectives. This work proposes a new methodology that adds an explainability layer based on SHAP —Shapley Additive exPlanations— to different machine learning models fitted to Monte Carlo simulations of the project network during tracking control points. Specifically, our method allows for both prospective and retrospective analyses, which have different utilities: forward analysis helps to identify key relationships between the different tasks and the desired outcomes, thus being useful to make execution/replanning decisions; and backward analysis serves to identify the causes of project status during project progress. Furthermore, this method is general, model-agnostic and provides quantifiable and easily interpretable information, hence constituting a valuable tool for project control in uncertain environments

Large scale and information effects on cooperation in public good games

The problem of public good provision is central in economics and touches upon many challenging societal issues, ranging from climate change mitigation to vaccination schemes. However, results which are supposed to be applied to a societal scale have only been obtained with small groups of people, with a maximum group size of 100 being reported in the literature. This work takes this research to a new level by carrying out and analysing experiments on public good games with up to 1000 simultaneous players. The experiments are carried out via an online protocol involving daily decisions for extended periods. Our results show that within those limits, participants' behaviour and collective outcomes in very large groups are qualitatively like those in smaller ones. On the other hand, large groups imply the difficulty of conveying information on others' choices to the participants. We thus consider different information conditions and show that they have a drastic effect on subjects' contributions. We also classify the individual decisions and find that they can be described by a moderate number of types. Our findings allow to extend the conclusions of smaller experiments to larger settings and are therefore a relevant step forward towards the understanding of human behaviour and the organisation of our society.A.A. gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain under grant no. FJCI-2016-28276. This work was also supported by the EU through FET-Proactive Project DOLFINS (contract no. 640772, A.S.) and FET-Open Project IBSEN (contract no. 662725, A.S.), and by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (grant no. FIS2015-64349-P, J.C. and A.S.) (MINECO/FEDER, UE), and by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/FEDER (Spain/UE) through grant PGC2018-098186-B-I00 (BASIC)

Hacia la internacionalización y la mejora en la empleabilidad de los estudiantes del Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas. Propuesta docente integradora para asignaturas en inglés

Memoria ID-044 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021

Monitorización remota de construcciones históricas: metodología empleada y puesta en marcha en la Iglesia del Seminario Mayor de Comillas

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la metodología seguida para la puesta en marcha de la monitorización remota de la Iglesia del Seminario Mayor de Comillas. En primer lugar, se exponen los trabajos desarrollados referentes al registro de los daños existentes en la Iglesia. La finalidad fue la de disponer de datos de entrada para elegir las zonas en las que instalar los dispositivos de seguimiento, haciendo coincidir éstas con las áreas en las que los daños eran mayores. Así, el levantamiento de grietas fue elaborado a partir de la toma de datos realizada in situ, procediendo en gabinete a confeccionar planos en los que se representaron los daños registrados en arcos, contrafuertes, bóvedas, muros interiores y muros de fachada. En la toma de datos llevada a cabo, además de registrar el trazado de las distintas grietas se realizó una evaluación cualitativa de las mismas, clasificando éstas visualmente de forma aproximada por su espesor. Además, se realizó un reportaje fotográfico detallado con el fin de complementar la información recogida en los planos. Una vez localizadas las zonas de mayor concentración de daño, se dispusieron en las mismas una serie de puntos de control manual y sensores en continuo. De forma discreta se controlaron un total de 22 variables: 16 puntos de control para evaluar la apertura/cierre de grietas y 6 placas inclinométricas para detectar posibles desplomes de los muros. Por su parte, para poder realizar el control de forma continua se tiene planificado instalar en el edificio un total de 18 sensores: 7 LVDTs a modo de fisurómetros, 4 servoinclinómetros, 3 cintas de convergencia, 2 termohigrómetros, 1 veleta y 1 anemómetro. Dichos sensores se agruparon en tres estaciones de adquisición de datos que, a su vez, se encuentran conectadas a un PC Industrial en el que se almacenan las mediciones, equipado con dos baterías que garantizan el funcionamiento ininterrumpido del sistema durante aproximadamente una semana en caso de cese de la corriente eléctrica. Fue desarrollada una aplicación basada en JavaFX que, además de permitir la gestión remota de los datos almacenados en el servidor, posibilita la definición de alarmas y otra serie de funcionalidades interesantes, todo ello en un entorno gráfico muy intuitivo. El sistema remoto de monitorización instalado ha posibilitado disponer de un control centralizado de los parámetros objeto de seguimiento. A modo de ejemplo, se presentan alguna de las mediciones registradas hasta la fecha