Uso de Plataformas Digitales en los Hábitos de la Población Nortesantandereana de Millennials y Centennials.

El uso de las herramientas y plataformas digitales entre las cuales se encuentran las redes sociales con el inicio de la pandemia del Covid 19, han impactado profundamente la convivencia y las relaciones humanas de muchos jóvenes a nivel global, en Latinoamérica. Los hábitos de consumo en la internet, el uso de herramientas tecnológicas difiere de acuerdo a las edades, condiciones socioeconómicas entre otros aspectos. Para la realización del estudio se adoptó una metodología cuasi experimental, diseño transversal con el fin de examinar el comportamiento y las tendencias digitales de las personas en dos grupos generacionales. Se utilizó el muestreo por conveniencia de naturaleza no probabilística a una muestra clasificada de acuerdo a la edad como se explica Millenials y Centennials de la región Norte santandereana, en tendencias digitales, uso de redes sociales, competencias de compras por internet, consumo digital, entre otros aspectos del ecosistema digital. Se evidenció un mayor uso de redes sociales y plataformas de distinta índole donde el tipo de conexión más utilizado fue banda ancha y conexión wifi. Se consideran distintos niveles de adaptación al uso de herramientas digitales en un nivel básico de competencias digitales según el Marco Europeo para esta población objeto de estudio

Estudio de vigilancia tecnologica e Inteligencia competitiva aplicado al cultivo y comercialización del durazno (Prunus Persica L) cv. Amarillo Jarillo en la Provincia de Pamplona

TablasDentro del plan de competitividad y tratados de libre comercio es necesario verificar oportunidades de negocio de frutas en lo que se refiere a la dinámica de la oferta exportadora. Por consiguiente fruta de durazno que se produce en Colombia, podría ser una opción siempre y cuando empresarios den cumplimiento a los requerimientos internacionales para frutas tradicionales, ya que en la actualidad, la fruta de durazno está dirigida solo a consumo interno. El presente trabajo de investigación, permitió realizar una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura actual a nivel nacional e internacional sumado al análisis paralelo del principal competidor en América del sur: Chile como país líder en la comercialización de durazno. Se utilizaron herramientas de Vigilancia Tecnológica, enfatizando en las principales investigaciones realizadas en torno al cultivo y comercialización de durazno (Prunus Persica L.Basth). Se utilizó el explorador intelligo con el fin de acceder a un número significativo de patentes en diversas áreas en especial de origen biotecnológico. Se plantean algunas alternativas con base en información concreta del entorno competitivo utilizando base de datos como Scopus, Ebscost, Science direct, repositorios entre otras. Por consiguiente se efectuó una valoración de expertos en la región adscritos a diferentes entidades gubernamentales, productores y demás actores relacionados con el fin de conocer diferentes puntos de vista mediante la aplicación de encuestas Delfi en diferentes fases. Se elaboró un análisis de resultado de los temas propuestos a saber: competitividad, innovación, políticas públicas entre otros. De esta manera se concluye con una propuesta metodológica basada en la necesidad de proyectar habilidades estratégicas, según los pronósticos que emite el entorno desde diferentes perspectivas y tendencias de gestión empresarial, a fin de facilitar al sistema productivo un panorama de ruta más probable en la evolución del sector frutícola de durazno en la región Norte santandereana, a través de distintas formas de conservación de la fruta y modelos de valoración administrativa que contemplan empresas sostenibles del sector fruticóla al aplicar inteligencia competitiva.Inside of high competitiveness plan and free trade agreement improve previous business opportunities especially fruit export supply have a peach fruit produced in Colombia and that current is directed only toward domestic consumption. This research, allowed for a thorough review of the current literature on a national and international level joined parallely cause analysis of main competitor Chile country South American, as leader in the peaches’ marketing, using some tools technology watch. It was emphasized on investigations around of production cultivation and marketing of peach (Prunus persica l.Basth). The intelligo browser in order to access a significant number of patents in different areas especially biotechnological origin was used. They raise some alternatives based on specific information in the competitive environment using database such as Scopus, Ebscost, Science direct, among other repositories. Therefore an assessment of experts in the region assigned to different government agencies, producers and others related to know different points of view by conducting surveys at Delfi actors on various stages namely: Competitiveness, Innovation, Public policies include: an analysis of results of the proposed themes was developed . Thus It was concluded with a methodology based on the need to project strategic skills , according to forecasts issued by the environment from different perspectives and trends on business management, to facilitate the production system an overview of the most likely evolution’s routes by peach fruit sector in North Santander region, through various conservation way and management assessment models, must be considered in sustainable companies for fruit sector to apply Competitive Intelligence

Factores relevantes de capital humano en Instituciones de Educación Superior en Colombia

Higher education in Colombia has been experiencing a positive behavior in terms of coverage and quality of higher education, which is expressed in high-quality accreditation processes of Higher Education Institutions for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), of great relevance in government policy in recent years. Therefore, recognizing the strengths and weaknesses that exist in human capital at this level of training, aligned with national educational plans, curricular reforms and public spending management are of great relevance, in order to guarantee improvement and high requirements to level of quality of higher education. The objective of the research identified the main factors in the formation of human capital at the level of higher education in Colombia, through a qualitative approach, using information from collected databases, which were analyzed through indicators, and human capital variables from Educational Institutions. (IES) accredited or not on training various degrees in public and private entities according to gender as well as indicators of Science, Technology and Research (CTeI), in bibliometric production, human capital gaps in the ICT sector in Colombia, Public spending on Education as a Percentage of GDP. It is evident there are still gaps in relation to coverage and access to education for lower-income communities, gender inequality and job opportunities by gender. High graduation rates of the female gender compared to the male gender, strengthening of professional profiles taking into account scholarships and credits to respond with relevance to the needs of the business sector and development of key competencies for the world of work.La educación superior en Colombia ha venido experimentando un comportamiento positivo en cuanto a cobertura y calidad de la educación superior, que se expresa en procesos de acreditación de alta calidad de las Instituciones de educación Superior para las Instituciones de Educación superior (IES), de gran relevancia en la política gubernamental en los últimos años. Por tanto, reconocer las fortalezas y debilidades que existente en el capital humano en este nivel de formación, alineados en los planes educativos nacionales, reformas curriculares y gestión del gasto público son de gran relevancia, a fin de garantizar la mejora y los altos requerimiento a nivel de la calidad de la educación Superior. El objetivo de la investigación identificó principales factores en la formación del capital humano a nivel de educación superior en Colombia, mediante un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando información procedente de bases de datos recolectados los cuales fueron analizados mediante indicadores y variables de capital humano de Instituciones de Educación superior (IES) acreditadas o no en diversos grados de formación provenientes de entidades públicas y privadas según el género al igual que indicadores de Ciencia Tecnología e Investigación (CTeI), en la producción bibliométrica, brechas de capital humano en el sector TIC en Colombia, el gasto Público en Educación como Porcentaje del PIB. Se evidencia aún existen brechas en relación a cobertura y acceso de educación a comunidades de menores ingresos, desigualdad de género y oportunidades laborales por género altas tasas de graduación del género femenino respecto del masculino, fortalecimiento de perfiles profesionales teniendo en cuanta becas y créditos para responder con pertinencia a necesidades del sector empresarial y desarrollo de competencias claves para el mundo laboral

Modèles d’affaires en PME agroindustrielles: défis dans le XXIème Siècle

Through a detailed study, the search and analysis of information was carried out from the perspective of the agro-industrial activity of small and medium enterprises in the current economic context, the importance of the development of human talent skills, changes of attitude in a competitive environment and the various challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the areas of innovation, strategic planning, entrepreneurship, and new business opportunities.It is also important to know which are the topics of greatest interest to the scientific community through a specific software, which has the capacity to identify research trends with respect to the competitiveness of companies and the importance of adapting new business models for small and medium (SMEs) agro-industrial companies. It does this through tools and strategies that increase the efficiency of processes and frame new dynamic ventures with sustainable potential.It was concluded that there is a marked trend in research with information regarding the competitiveness of small and medium- sized companies in Ibero-American territories from 1998 to 2013. Nationally, some factors are lacking in the organizational structure of agro-industrial SMEs and in recent years, there is a greater exchange of foreign currency for import of agricultural products in relation to products exported from Colombia.Mediante un estudio detallado, se realizó la búsqueda y el análisis de información, desde una perspectiva de la actividad agroindustrial de pequeñas y medianas empresas en el contexto económico actual, la importancia del desarrollo de competencias del talento humano, cambios de actitud en un entorno competitivo y los diversos desafíos que afrontan las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) en temas de innovación, planeación estratégica, emprendimiento, y nuevas oportunidades de negocios.A si mismo se procuró conocer los temas de mayor interés para la comunidad científica a través de un software específico que identifica: tendencias de investigación con respecto a la competitividad de las empresas y la importancia de adaptar nuevos modelos de negocios para pequeñas y medianas (Pymes) empresas agroindustriales, mediante herramientas y estrategias que aumenten la eficiencia de procesos, y enmarquen nuevos emprendimientos dinámicos con potencial sostenible y sustentable.Se siguió una metodología exploratoria-descriptiva, localizando documentos bibliográficos de bases de datos, revistas suscritas y fuentes documentales de libre acceso con descriptores como: agroindustria, competitividad, Pymes, innovación, gestión del talento humano, cultura  empresarial.Se concluye, que existe una marcada tendencia en investigación con información referente a la competitividad de pequeñas y medianas empresas en Iberoamérica desde el año 1998 al 2013. A nivel nacional, se evidencia carencia de algunos factores en la estructura organizacional de Pymes agroindustriales. En la balanza comercial se demostró un mayor intercambio de divisas por importación de productos agropecuario en relación a los productos exportados desde Colombia, en los últimos años.À travers d’une étude détaillée, la recherche et l’analyse d’information ontété réalisées, du point de vue de l’activité agroindustrielle des petites et moyennes entreprises dans le contexte économique actuel, l’importance le développement les compétences des ressources humaines, les changements d’attitude dans un environnement concurrentiel et les différents défis auxquels font face les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) dans les sujets d’innovation, de la planification stratégique, de l’entrepreneuriat et de nouvelles opportunités d’affaires.De même, il est important de connaître les sujets de grand intérêt pour la communauté scientifique à travers d’un logiciel spécifique qu’identifie, les tendances en recherche en matière de compétitivité des entreprises et l’importance d’adapter de nouveaux modèles économiques pour les PME agroindustrielles à partir d’outils et des stratégies qui augmentent l’efficacité des processus, et encadrent de nouveaux entrepreneuriats dynamiques avec un potentiel durable.À guise de conclusion, il est établi une forte tendance en recherche avec des informations sur la compétitivité des petites et moyennes entreprises en Ibéro-Amérique de 1998 à 2013. Au niveau national, il a été confirmé le manque de certains facteurs dans la structure organisationnelle de PME agroindustrielles et un plus grand échange de devises étrangères pour l’importation des produits agricoles par rapport aux produits exportés de la Colombie au cours des dernières années

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology

In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics