THE RELIABILITY OF THE HOLISTIC METHOD WHEN GRADING LANGUAGE ESSAYS.

The evaluation of studenrs' writing abiliy has become increasingly important in second language teaching. There are two main approaches to writing ski11 assessnient, direct and indirect methods. This paper deals with direct methods of assessing writing abiliy, in particular with the method known as holistic evaluation. Afrer providing a brief description of this method, the alleged sources of its lack of reliabilily (writers, readers and topics) are analyzed in turn and some possible ways of handling rhem are considered. Some suggestions for further research on the topic are offered before concluding that, from the aurhor's point of view, the holistic method is an important measure ro assess the underlying constructs of writing and that its use should be encouraged.La evaluación de la producción escrita de los alumnos es uno de los temas de investigación más importantes dentro del campo de la enseñanza de segundas lenguas. Dicha evaluación se puede realizar utilizando mérodos directos o métodos indirectos. El presente trabajo se centra en los métodos directos y, específicamente. en el conocido como de evaluación global. Comenzamos por presentar una breve descripción de este método para analizar seguidamente las supuestas fuentes de su falta de fiabilidad (escritores, lectores y temas), así como posibles formas de solventar esos problemas. Ofrecemos algunas sugerencias para posteriores investigaciones antes de concluir que, desde nuestro punto de vista, el método de evaluación global es una forma importante de evaluar las ideas fundamentales que se reflejan en la producción escrita y que, por tanto, se debe fomentar su uso

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Evolución de las coberturas vacunales antigripales entre 1993-2001 en España: Análisis por Comunidades Autónomas

Fundamento: La gripe es una enfermedad con una elevada morbilidad y que ocasiona un alto coste sanitario, para la que además se dispone de una vacuna eficaz. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la evolución de las coberturas vacunales antigripales en España por Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001. Métodos: Se han analizado un total de 42.123 registros de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de los años 1993 (n=21.051) y 2001(n=21.072). Todos ellos corresponden a adultos españoles mayores de 15 años no institucionalizados. Ambas encuestas son representativas a nivel de Comunidad Autónoma. Resultados: Para el total de la muestra se estima una cobertura vacunal en 1993 de 17,94% (IC 95% 17,42-18,46) y de 19,30% (18,77-19,83) en 2001. En el modelo de regresión logística, ajustado por edad, género y enfermedad crónica asociada, se observan mejoras significativas en las coberturas del grupo de mayores de 64 años (OR= 1,28 IC 95% 1,10-1,50) para el total de España y para cinco de las 17 Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001. Sin embargo, no encontramos cambios significativos en las coberturas para el grupo de menores de 65 años con enfermedad crónica asociada que supone una indicación para la vacunación. Conclusiones: Tanto en España como en la mayoría de las Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001 se observa una ligera pero insuficiente mejoría en las coberturas de vacunación en los grupos de riesgo estudiados. Las Comunidades Autónomas muestran coberturas dispares entre sí. Los sujetos menores de 65 años con enfermedades crónicas asociadas que incrementan el riesgo de sufrir las complicaciones de la gripe no han mejorado las coberturas de esta vacuna durante el periodo de estudio. La dificultad para mejorar las coberturas en este tipo de pacientes podría hacernos considerar la opción y el beneficio potencial de rebajar la edad limite de las actuales recomendaciones de indicación de vacuna antigripal en España

Evolución de las coberturas vacunales antigripales entre 1993-2001 en España: Análisis por Comunidades Autónomas

Fundamento: La gripe es una enfermedad con una elevada morbilidad y que ocasiona un alto coste sanitario, para la que además se dispone de una vacuna eficaz. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la evolución de las coberturas vacunales antigripales en España por Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001. Métodos: Se han analizado un total de 42.123 registros de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de los años 1993 (n=21.051) y 2001(n=21.072). Todos ellos corresponden a adultos españoles mayores de 15 años no institucionalizados. Ambas encuestas son representativas a nivel de Comunidad Autónoma. Resultados: Para el total de la muestra se estima una cobertura vacunal en 1993 de 17,94% (IC 95% 17,42-18,46) y de 19,30% (18,77-19,83) en 2001. En el modelo de regresión logística, ajustado por edad, género y enfermedad crónica asociada, se observan mejoras significativas en las coberturas del grupo de mayores de 64 años (OR= 1,28 IC 95% 1,10-1,50) para el total de España y para cinco de las 17 Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001. Sin embargo, no encontramos cambios significativos en las coberturas para el grupo de menores de 65 años con enfermedad crónica asociada que supone una indicación para la vacunación. Conclusiones: Tanto en España como en la mayoría de las Comunidades Autónomas entre 1993 y 2001 se observa una ligera pero insuficiente mejoría en las coberturas de vacunación en los grupos de riesgo estudiados. Las Comunidades Autónomas muestran coberturas dispares entre sí. Los sujetos menores de 65 años con enfermedades crónicas asociadas que incrementan el riesgo de sufrir las complicaciones de la gripe no han mejorado las coberturas de esta vacuna durante el periodo de estudio. La dificultad para mejorar las coberturas en este tipo de pacientes podría hacernos considerar la opción y el beneficio potencial de rebajar la edad limite de las actuales recomendaciones de indicación de vacuna antigripal en España

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis.

The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327  There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in th

Prosthetic Valve Candida spp. Endocarditis: New Insights Into Long-term Prognosis—The ESCAPE Study

International audienceBackground: Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Candida spp. (PVE-C) is rare and devastating, with international guidelines based on expert recommendations supporting the combination of surgery and subsequent azole treatment.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed PVE-C cases collected in Spain and France between 2001 and 2015, with a focus on management and outcome.Results: Forty-six cases were followed up for a median of 9 months. Twenty-two patients (48%) had a history of endocarditis, 30 cases (65%) were nosocomial or healthcare related, and 9 (20%) patients were intravenous drug users. "Induction" therapy consisted mainly of liposomal amphotericin B (L-amB)-based (n = 21) or echinocandin-based therapy (n = 13). Overall, 19 patients (41%) were operated on. Patients <66 years old and without cardiac failure were more likely to undergo cardiac surgery (adjusted odds ratios [aORs], 6.80 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-29.13] and 10.92 [1.15-104.06], respectively). Surgery was not associated with better survival rates at 6 months. Patients who received L-amB alone had a better 6-month survival rate than those who received an echinocandin alone (aOR, 13.52; 95% CI, 1.03-838.10). "Maintenance" fluconazole therapy, prescribed in 21 patients for a median duration of 13 months (range, 2-84 months), led to minor adverse effects.Conclusion: L-amB induction treatment improves survival in patients with PVE-C. Medical treatment followed by long-term maintenance fluconazole may be the best treatment option for frail patients

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective