Context and justification of education standards as defined by educational policy for basic education in Mexico

This article proposes to think about the educational context in Mexico designed from official sectors with the participation and support of some social actors; the same that has been used tendentiously to construct opinions that support it, justify and show like pertinent the implementation of an educational policy for basic education that has as a core the curricular and learning standards. Policy that were made concrete in 2011 in the document named Agreement No. 592

Impact of Spark Assistance and Multiple Injections on Gasoline PPC Light Load

Along the last years, engine researchers are more and more focusing their efforts on the advanced low temperature combustion (LTC) concepts with the aim of achieving the stringent limits of the current emission legislations. In this regard, several studies based on highly premixed combustion concepts such as HCCI has been confirmed as a promising way to decrease drastically the most relevant CI diesel engine-out emissions, NOx and soot. However, the major HCCI drawbacks are the narrow load range, bounded by either misfiring (low load, low speed) or hardware limitations (higher load, higher speeds) and the combustion control (cycle-to-cylce control and combustion phasing). Although several techniques have been widely investigated in order to overcome these drawbacks, the high chemical reactivity of the diesel fuel remains as the main limitation for the combustion control. The attempts of the researchers to overcome these disadvantages are shifting to the use of fuels with different reactivity. In this sense, gasoline PPC has been able to reduce emissions and improve efficiency simultaneously, but some drawbacks regarding controllability and stability at low load operating conditions still need solution. In this field, previous researches have been demonstrate the multiple injection strategy as an appropriate technique to enhance the combustion stability. However, PPC combustion has been found limited to engine loads higher than 5 bar BMEP when using fuels with octane number greater than 90. In this regard, previous work from the authors showed the capability of the spark plug to provide combustion control in engine loads below this limit even using 98 ON gasoline. The main objective of the present work is to couple the control capability of the spark assistance together with an appropriate mixture distribution by using double injection strategies with the aim of evaluating performance and engine-out emissions at low load PPC range using a high octane number gasoline. For this purpose the optical and metal version of a compression ignition single-cylinder engine, to allow high compression ratio, has been used during the research. A common rail injection system enabling high injection pressures has been utilized to supply the 98 octane number gasoline. An analysis of the in-cylinder pressure signal derived parameters, hydroxyl radical (OH*) and natural luminosity images acquired from the transparent engine as well as a detailed analysis of the air/fuel mixing process by means of a 1-D in-house developed spray model (DICOM) has been conducted. Results from both analysis methods, suggest the spark assistance as a proper technique to improve the spatial and temporal control over the low load gasoline PPC combustion process. A noticeable increase in the cycle to cycle repeatability (5% versus 15.1% CoV IMEP at 2 bar load) as well as a reduction in the knocking level (20.5 versus 33.6 MW/m2 at 7 bar load) is observed. In addition, the combination of the spark assistance with the use of the double injection strategy provides a great improvement in terms of combustion efficiency (93% versus 88% for a single injection strategy) with a benefit around 18% in the IMEPBenajes Calvo, JV.; Tormos Martínez, BV.; García Martínez, A.; Monsalve Serrano, J. (2014). Impact of Spark Assistance and Multiple Injections on Gasoline PPC Light Load. SAE International Journal of Engines. 7(4):1875-1887. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2669S187518877

Historia general de México

A esta historia de México se le ha llamado "general", primero, por ser completa, pues va desde la llegada del hombre al continente americano hasta nuestros días, y segundo, porque se ofrece al lector general, o sea, al que no necesita una preparación especial para leerla y apreciarla. Queda en manos de un lector que, hoy quizá como nunca, apetece conocer y entender nuestro pasado, entre otras cosas, porque siente la necesidad de apreciar con mayor seguridad el presente y el porvenir inmediato del país

Revista de Revistas.

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Revista de Revistas.

Sin resumen

Development and Characterization of Protective Haemophilus parasuis Subunit Vaccines Based on Native Proteins with Affinity to Porcine Transferrin and Comparison with Other Subunit and Commercial Vaccines

P. 50-58Haemophilus parasuis is the agent responsible for causing Glasser’s disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in pigs. In this study, we have characterized native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (NPAPT) from H. parasuis serovar 5, Nagasaki strain. This pool of proteins was used as antigen to developed two vaccine formulations: one was adjuvanted with a mineral oil (Montanide IMS 2215 VG PR), while the other was potentiated with a bacterial neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The potential protective effect conferred by these two vaccines was compared to that afforded by two other vaccines, consisting of recombinant transferrin-binding protein (rTbp) A or B fragments from H. parasuis, Nagasaki strain, and by a commercially available inactivated vaccine. Five groups of colostrum-deprived piglets immunized with the vaccines described above, one group per each vaccine, and a group of nonvaccinated control animals were challenged intratracheally with a lethal dose (3 108 CFU) of H. parasuis, Nagasaki strain. The two vaccines containing rTbps yielded similar results with minimal protection against death, clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and H. parasuis invasion. In contrast, the two vaccines composed of NPAPT antigen and commercial bacterin resulted in a strong protection against challenge (without deaths and clinical signs), mild histopathological changes, and no recovery of H. parasuis, thus suggesting their effectiveness in preventing Glasser’s disease outbreaks caused by serovar 5S

Acute phase protein concentrations in colostrum-deprived pigs immunized with subunit and commercial vaccines against Glässer’s disease

8 p.Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis in pigs. This study was focused on the characterization of the acute-phase response after immunization and infection of colostrum-deprived pigs with H. parasuis serovar 5, by measuring serum concentrations of three positive acute-phase proteins (APPs) (pig major acute-phase protein pig, MAP; haptoglobin, HPG; C-reactive protein, CRP) and one negative APP (apolipoprotein A-I, ApoA-I). Six experimental groups were established: a non-immunized but infected control group (CTL); two groups immunized with either a recombinant transferrin-binding protein (Tbp) A or TbpB fragment from H. parasuis Nagasaki strain (rTbpA and rTbpB, respectively); two groups immunized with native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (NPAPT), one of them inoculated intramuscularly (NPAPTim) and the other intratracheally (NPAPTit), and the last group receiving a commercially available bacterin (PG). The greatest concentrations of the three positive APPs and the lowest concentration of the negative APP were detected in CTL group, as well as in those animals belonging to rTbpA or rTbpB groups that died in response to challenge. Significant differences (P < 0.005) were found in these groups when comparing challenge with the following days after it. However, no significant differences were seen for the remaining vaccinated groups (NPAPTim, NPAPTit and PG), which were effectively protected against Glässer’s disease. Therefore, APPs could be used as useful biomarkers for both evaluating disease progression and determining vaccination effectivenessS

Smart toys designed for detecting developmental delays

In this paper,we describe the design considerations and implementation of a smart toy system,a technology for supporting the automatic recording and analysis for detecting developmental delays recognition when children play using the smart toy. To achieve this goal,we take advantage of the current commercial sensor features (reliability,low consumption,easy integration,etc.) to develop a series of sensor-based low-cost devices. Specifically,our prototype system consists of a tower of cubes augmented with wireless sensing capabilities and a mobile computing platform that collect the information sent from the cubes allowing the later analysis by childhood development professionals in order to verify a normal behaviour or to detect a potential disorder. This paper presents the requirements of the toy and discusses our choices in toy design,technology used,selected sensors,process to gather data from the sensors and generate information that will help in the decision-making and communication of the information to the collector system. In addition,we also describe the play activities the system supportsAuthors would like to thank the National Programme for Research, Development and Innovation, oriented to Societal Challenges, of the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness that supported the results of this paper through EDUCERE project (TIN2013-47803-C2-2-R), and to Universidad de Alcala that supported them through EDUSENS project (CCG2014/EXP-008