Contribución al estudio de los hongos que fructifican sobre la familia "Pinaceae" (Gen. Pinus L.) en España (1ª aportación)

Se realiza un ensayo de trabajo para determinar ciertos grupos de hongos específicos o que muestren apetencia a fructificar sobre restos vegetales del género Pinus, introduciendo signos determinados para estos estudios. Resultan nuevas aportaciones al catálogo micológico español los ocho siguientes táxones: Ascobolus archeri, Coniophorella olivacea, Oidium candicans, Hyphoderma argillaceum, Hyphoderma pallidum, Hipochnicium eichleri, Galerina autumnalis y Galerina stylifera. De las cuales Ascobolus archeri es nueva cita para Europa.In order to determine wether there is any specific group of fungi able to fructify on plant debris from the genus Pinus L., a Sheme of work was made, introducing new signs for it. 8 new taxons are described, being a contribution to the Spanish mycological catalogue. The presence in Spain of Ascobolus archeri formely known only in Tasmania (Australia) should be pointed out

Effect of Sphaerosporella brunnea mycorrhizas on mycorrhization of Quercus ilex × Tuber melanosporum

It is generally accepted that Sphaerosporella brunnea is a significant ectomycorrhizal contaminant in nurseries producing plants mycorrhized with various species of Tuber, and subsequently in truffières after outplanting. At the University of Alcalá, Spain, 397 small plants of Quercus ilex which were mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum were inadvertently contaminated with S. brunnea, and this contamination was then monitored for 2 years. Sixty percent of the plants were contaminated and had S. brunnea ascomata on the surface of the container on one or several occasions. However, a Spearman test provided no evidence that S. brunnea mycorrhizas affected T. melanosporum mycorrhization whereas other contaminating ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly did. Therefore, it appears that S. brunnea is not detrimental to plants which are well mycorrhized with T. melanosporum

Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, un discomicete con incidencia en la truficultura e interés forestal

Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, a cup-shaped ascomycete related with truffle cultures and afforestation. A casual finding of Sphaerosporella brunnea in some greenhouses from Spain, growing in connection with several ectomycorrhizal plants, is reported. These plants were experimentally inoculated with low level inoculum of Tuber melanosporum. Sphaerosporella brunnea is described and illustrated, and its negative role in truffle cultures and its possible utilization in burned are as recovery is emphasized.Se da cuenta del hallazgo casual, en unos viveros españoles de Sphaerosporella brunnea, formando micorrizas con plantas diversas, las cuales habían sido inoculadas experimentalmente con niveles bajos de Tuber melanosporum. Se describe e ilustra esta especie, al tiempo que se destaca su papel negativo en la truficultura y su posible utilización en la recuperación de áreas incendiadas

Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, un discomicete con incidencia en la truficultura e interés forestal

Se da cuenta del hallazgo casual, en unos viveros españoles de Sphaerosporella brunnea, formando micorrizas con plantas diversas, las cuales habían sido inoculadas experimentalmente con niveles bajos de Tuber melanosporum. Se describe e ilustra esta especie, al tiempo que se destaca su papel negativo en la truficultura y su posible utilización en la recuperación de áreas incendiadas.Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, a cup-shaped ascomycete related with truffle cultures and afforestation. A casual finding of Sphaerosporella brunnea in some greenhouses from Spain, growing in connection with several ectomycorrhizal plants, is reported. These plants were experimentally inoculated with low level inoculum of Tuber melanosporum. Sphaerosporella brunnea is described and illustrated, and its negative role in truffle cultures and its possible utilization in burned are as recovery is emphasized

Occupational, Public and Environmental Radiological Impact Caused by the Phosphoric Acid Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)

The production of phosphate fertilizers usually uses as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock, which contains enhanced concentrations from U‐series radionuclides about 10–100 times higher than unperturbed soils. This fact implies the need for evaluating the radiological implications of this activity. In our case, the study has been performed in a large fertilizer industrial complex located at Huelva town (SW of Spain), where sedimentary phosphate rock has been processed since 1965 to 2010, generating annually an average of about 2.5 million tons of a by‐product called phosphogypsum (PG), which has been stored in big stacks 1 km away from Huelva city, covering 1000 ha. The fluxes of the radionuclides of interest along the production process and the effective doses received by the workers have been determined. In addition, the radioecological impact associated to the waste management strategy followed has been evaluated

Phosphogypsum Amendment Effect on Radionuclide Content in Drainage Water and Marsh Soils from Southwestern Spain

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a residue of the phosphate fertilizer industry that has relatively high concentrations of 226Ra and other radionuclides. Thus, it is interesting to study the effect of PG applied as a Ca amendment on the levels and behavior of radionuclides in agricultural soils. A study involving treatments with 13 and 26 Mg ha−1 of PG and 30 Mg ha−1 of manure was performed, measuring 226Ra and U isotopes in drainage water, soil, and plant samples. The PG used in the treatment had 510 ± 40 Bq kg−1 of 226Ra. The 226Ra concentrations in drainage waters from PG-amended plots were similar (between 2.6 and 7.2 mBq L−1) to that reported for noncontaminated waters. Although no significant effect due to PG was observed, the U concentrations in drainage waters (200 mBq L−1 for 238U) were one order of magnitude higher than those described in noncontaminated waters. This high content in U can be ascribed to desorption processes mainly related to the natural adsorbed pool in soil (25 Bq kg−1 of 238U). This is supported by the 234U to 238U isotopic ratio of 1.16 in drainage waters versus secular equilibrium in PG and P fertilizers. The progressive enrichment in 226Ra concentration in soils due to PG treatment cannot be concluded from our present data. This PG treatment does not determine any significant difference in 226Ra concentration in drainage waters or in plant material [cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) leaves]. No significant levels of radionuclides except 40K were found in the vegetal tissues.ENRESA AGF97-1102-CO2-01Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) AMB97-1720-C

Anomalías sinópticas y su relación con el incremento de granizo en 2006

Ponencia presentada en: VIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Salamanca entre el 25 y el 28 de septiembre de 2012.[ES]Las tormentas de granizo son uno de los riesgos meteorológicos más importantes del SW de Europa. Concretamente el Valle Medio del Ebro (VME) es el área que registra la mayor frecuencia de eventos de granizo de España, con unas pérdidas económicas de alrededor de 100 M€ anuales. El Grupo de Física de la Atmósfera (GFA) de la Universidad de León realiza campañas de investigación en el VME desde 2001 de forma continuada, registrando un promedio de 60 días de tormenta cada verano, mediante un radar meteorológico.[EN]Hailstorms are one of the principal risks in the SW of Europe. Specifically, the Mid-Ebro Valley (VME), is the area that has the greatest frequency of registered hail events in Spain, with economic losses of approximately 100 M€ annually. The Group for Atmospheric Physics (GFA) at the University of León has done research campaigns in the VME continuously since 2001, registering 60 storm days per year via meteorological radar.Este estudio ha sido financiado por los proyectos REN 2000-1210 CLI, REN 2003-09617-C02-01, CGL 2006-13372-C02-01, CGL 2010-15930 del Plan Nacional del I+D+i

Combining FTIR-ATR and OPLS-DA methods for magic mushrooms discrimination

Magic mushrooms are naturally occurring fungi that are considered hallucinogenic drugs because they contain psilocybin and psilocin. These substances are controlled in almost every country in the world, so the use, possession, cultivation, and sale of magic mushrooms are prohibited in whole or in part. Despite this, the abuse of magic mushrooms continues and can put at risk the life of the consumer and society in general if the consumer behaves in an unsafe manner. The number of mushroom species is very high, making it difficult to correctly identify them based only on physical and morphological characteristics. Therefore, there is a need to develop non-destructive mushrooms analysis methods that have less response time and higher discrimination ability. The present work used Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR-ATR) Spectroscopy to study 64 mushroom samples from different genera including hallucinogenic, edible, and toxic species. In addition, this study used Orthogonal Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), using SIMCA chemometric software to analyse the obtained infrared (IR) spectra. The main molecular vibrations of the components of the fungus were successfully identified by IR spectroscopy. Although the specific bands corresponding to psilocybin or psilocin could not be assigned in the spectra, the regression method was able to discriminate the various species. Hallucinogenic mushrooms were well separated from other species, allowing the method to be used as an initial screening technique to determine whether or not the seized mushrooms are of forensic interest

Spatial distribution of sporocarp production of ECM fungi Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim during six consecutive years at a holm-oak forest (dehesa) in the Sierra de Aracena (Huelva)

Se ha estudiado durante seis años consecutivos el número y la localización de los esporocarpos de Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim en una parcela de 3 ha ubicada en un encinar adehesado localizado en el Parque Natural «Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche» (Huelva). Los datos indican que las áreas productoras de setas presentan un tamaño y una forma similares año tras año, aunque algunas zonas específicas muestran variaciones que sugieren la existencia de cierta alternancia o vecería. Esta especie fructifica solamente en primavera durante seis a ocho semanas, desde mediados de febrero hasta abril, cuando comienza a ascender la temperatura media tras el invierno. Las diferencias observadas en la duración del periodo de fructificación y la producción total de setas dependen fundamentalmente de las lluvias y la temperatura. Los resultados sugieren que las lluvias tempranas a finales de verano o principios de otoño son cruciales para la fructificación de la primavera siguiente, y que las lluvias caídas durante el periodo de fructificación tienen una menor influencia. Durante el periodo de fructificación, la producción es muy dependiente de la temperatura del suelo

Preliminary characterization of echinoderm assemblages in circalittoral and bathyal soft bottoms of the northern Alboran Sea

Echinoderms, with 7.272 species described so far (based on WORMS), provide an ecosystemic role which can be important depending on their habitat, and including tag species (Manjón-Cabeza et al., 2014; Palma-Sevilla 2015) or even dominant ones (Iken et al., 2010; Hughes et al., 2012). Despite the increasing knowledge on their taxonomy, studies on ecological and assemblage composition and structure of echinoderms are very scarce compared to those for other invertebrate groups, being this information essential for improving the knowledge on Mediterranean ecosystems (Coll et al., 2010). The Alboran Sea, in the junction of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and the European and African continental margins, represents a biodiversity hotspot due to the overlapping of species from those basins and continents, including some endemic components (Coll et al., 2010). Regarding echinoderms of the Alboran Sea, most previous studies focussed on infralittoral bottoms, with very few for circalittoral and bathyal ones (Manjón-Cabeza et al, 2014; Sibuet, 1974). Nevertheless, these studies generally included faunistic lists (Ocaña & Pérez-Ruzafa, 2004; Manjón-Cabeza et al., 2014), sometimes with identification keys, ecological and distributional data of some species and rarely on the assemblage composition and structure (Palma-Sevilla, 2015), which represent the main aim of this study on echinoderm assemblages of circalittoral and bathyal soft bottoms of the Alboran Sea. During the MEDITS survey expeditions (April-May 2014-2015) on board the R/V Miguel Oliver (Fig. 1), 35 samples were collected using a beam trawl (horizontal and vertical openings of 1.3 and 1.2 m, respectively, and a mesh size of 10 mm in the codend) at depths from 40 to 774 m in the Alboran Sea (Fig. 1). Hauls were done at a speed of ca. 2 knots during 5-10 (shelf stations) and 15 minutes (slope stations). Echinoderms were separated, identified to the lowest possible taxonomic leveland specimens counted and weighed to the nearest 0.5 g. Abundance and biomass data were standardized to 1000 m2 according to the sampling area of each haul. Echinoderm assemblages were characterized according to the dominance and frequency of occurrence of species in the samples and considering different ecological indexes. Multivariate methods (CLUSTER, nMDS, SIMPER, ANOSIM) were applied, based on the Bray & Curtis similarity index, for detecting and contrastingassemblages in relation to depth and 4 geographic areas of the Alboran Sea with different influence of Atlantic waters (Occidental-Esteponato Málaga, Central-Málaga to Motril, Oriental-Motril to Almería and Alboran Island). Fig. 1. Location of beam-trawl samples (dots) collected during 2014 and 2015 MEDITS expeditions in the northern Alboran Sea. At present 39 taxa have been detected, mostly belonging to Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea (28.2 and 25.6% of all species, respectively), followed by Holothuroidea (23.1%), Echinoidea (17.9%) and Crinoidea (5.1%). Regarding abundance, a total of 54689 individuals have been collected, being Ophiuroidea (98.6% of all individuals), Holothuroidea (0.6%) and Crinoidea (0.4%) the top-dominant classes. Regarding biomass, ophiuroids also dominated (52.8%), followed by asteroids (16.1%) and holothuroids (15.0%). Considering other faunistic groups, echinoderms were the most abundant phyllum in the samples (60.7%) and the fifth one in biomass (7.6%). The dominant (for both abundance and biomass) and frequent genera included Ophiocten (displaying dominances >90%) Hymenodiscus, Luidia and Astropecten for asteroids, Antedon and Leptometra for crinoids, Dendrochirotida and Molpadidae for holothuroids, and Brissopsis and Echinocyamus for echinoids (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Some echinodermscollected in circalittoral and bathyal soft bottoms of the Alboran Sea using beam-trawl during the MEDITS expeditions. A: Ophiocten; B: Dendrochirotida sp.; C: Brissopsis; D: Anseropoda; E: Luidia. Multivariate analyses indicated groupings of samples and significantly different echinoderm assemblages in relation to depth (RANOSIM=0.22, p0.05). Shelf assemblages displayed lower intra-group similarities (<20% similarity in SIMPER) than the slope ones (ca. 40%). Species characterizing the shelf assemblages belonged to the genera Astropecten, Antedon, Ophiothrix among others, whereas those of the slope belonged to the genera Luidia (L. sarsi), Hymenodiscus, Ophiocten, Leptometra and Amphiura