Gender stereotypes about steam careers in education

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2018/2019.The number of girls choosing careers related to science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) is still very low. One of the explanations focuses on the differentiated choice of professions according to gender due to the importance of the congruence search between the roles that society demands to each sex. The aim of this study is to examine if the gender stereotypes related to STEAM careers continue being reproduced by students and teachers. To this end, we carried out a qualitative study at the IES Ribalta in Castellón de la Plana with 12 female students (50% female) from 14 to 16 years old, and with 6 teachers (50% male). With the students, we hold a group workshop, showing an enigma about the sex of a person introduced as a medical eminence. With the teachers, we conducted semi-structured interviews in which they have been asked if they think if there are innate capacities in the function of gender in the people who are dedicated to STEAM careers. 50% of the students did not solve the enigma, because: masculinization /feminization of the professions (medical eminence, men; nurse, woman), the invisibility of women scientists in textbooks and the media, visualization of STEAM women achievements such as something "unusual". Teachers' responses were in three lines: Yes, there are innate differences in the function of gender and female gender is the most favored; no, there are no innate differences in the function of gender, and; Yes, there are differences and its benefits the male gender. In conclusion, these results confirm the variety of stereotyped beliefs in the educational settings, which are consistent with the low percentages of women in the STEAM careers currently. They also show the evident intention to dismantle them by the participants.El número de chicas que eligen carreras vinculadas a ciencias, tecnologías, ingenierías, artes y matemáticas (STEAM) sigue siendo muy bajo. Una de las explicaciones se centra en la elección diferenciada de profesiones en función del género debido a la importancia que tiene la búsqueda de congruencia entre los roles que la sociedad demanda a cada sexo. El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar si los estereotipos de género relacionados con las carreras STEAM se siguen reproduciendo en alumnado y profesorado. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo en el IES Ribalta de Castellón de la Plana con 12 alumnas/os (50% mujeres) de 14 a 16 años, y con 6 profesores/as (50% hombres). Con el alumnado, se realizó un taller grupal donde debían resolver un acertijo sobre el género de una persona presentada como eminencia médica. Con el profesorado, se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas en las cuales se preguntó si existían capacidades innatas en función del sexo en las personas que se dedican a carreras STEAM. El 50% del alumnado no resolvió el enigma por: masculinización/feminización de profesiones (eminencia médica hombre, enfermera mujer), invisibilidad de las mujeres científicas en libros de texto y medios de comunicación, visibilización de logros de mujeres STEAM como algo “inusual”. Los resultados del profesorado fueron en tres líneas distintas: Si que existen diferencias innatas en las personas de carreras STEAM siendo el género femenino más favorecido; no existen diferencias innatas en función del género y, si existen, benefician al género masculino. En conclusión, mediante estos resultados se confirma la variedad de creencias estereotipadas en el ámbito educativo, son consistentes con los bajos porcentajes de mujeres en carreras STEAM en la actualidad. También se pone de manifiesto por parte de las/los participantes la intención de desmantelarlas

Optimizing a Simple Natural Dye Production Method for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Examples for Betalain (Bougainvillea and Beetroot Extracts) and Anthocyanin Dyes

We present a study about the sensitizers extracted from natural resources. This paper focuses on how to select, extract and characterize natural dyes, giving some guides to establish a protocol for the whole process of fabricating and using these dyes. The influence of the extraction solvent and method, and of parameters such as pH are analyzed. Also, dye precursor and dye extract stability have been studied, as well as how the dye adsorbs onto substrates and the effect of mixing or concentrating the extracts. Results concerning betalain pigments present in bougainvillea and beetroot extracts, and anthocyanins in eggplant extracts, analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrometry, are included. As an example of application, we report procedures intended to test and enhance the dye potential as a main component of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs mimic nature’s photosynthesis and have some advantages like an easy and low-cost fabrication procedure. Their efficiency depends on its design and fabrication process and also on the different components involved. Hence, optimizing each component is essential to achieve the best performance, and thus the dye used as a sensitizer is crucial. We fabricate cells by using a simple procedure: As the interest is focused on the sensitizer, the same consecutive steps are followed, varying only the dye extract. Among all the natural-dyes tested, beetroot extract reaches up to 0.47% cell efficiency, which is near the highest values found in literature for this pigment

Female labour supply and income taxation in Spain: The importance of behavioural assumptions and unobserved heterogeneity specification

We estimate four models of female labour supply using a Spanish sample of married women from 1994, taking into account the complete form of the individual’s budget set. The models differ in the hypotheses relating to the presence of optimisation errors and/or the way non-workers contribute to the likelihood function. According to the results, the effects of wages and non-labour income on the labour supply of Spanish married women depend on the specification used. The model which has both preference and optimisation errors and allows for both voluntarily and involuntarily unemployed females desiring to participate seems to better fit the evidence for Spanish married women. Classification-JEL : J22labour supply, optimization errors, budget set.

An Extension of NDT to Model Entity Reconciliation Problems

Within the development of software systems, the development of web applications may be one of the most widespread at present due to the great number of advantages they provide such as: multiplatform, speed of access or the not requiring extremely powerful hardware among others. The fact that so many web applications are being developed, makes grotesque the volume of information that it is generated daily. In the management of all this information, it appears the entity reconciliation problem, which is to identify objects referring to the same real-world entity. This paper proposes to give a solution to this problem through a web perspective. To this end, the NDT methodology has been taken as a reference and has been extended adding new activities, artefacts and documents to cover this problem.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2013-46928-C3-3-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2016-76956-C3-2-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2015-71938-RED

Detecting Functional Requirements Inconsistencies within Multi-teams Projects Framed into a Model-based Web Methodology

One of the most essential processes within the software project life cycle is the REP (Requirements Engineering Process) because it allows specifying the software product requirements. This specification should be as consistent as possible because it allows estimating in a suitable manner the effort required to obtain the final product. REP is complex in itself, but this complexity is greatly increased in big, distributed and heterogeneous projects with multiple analyst teams and high integration between functional modules. This paper presents an approach for the systematic conciliation of functional requirements in big projects dealing with a web model-based approach and how this approach may be implemented in the context of the NDT (Navigational Development Techniques): a web methodology. This paper also describes the empirical evaluation in the CALIPSOneo project by analyzing the improvements obtained with our approach.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2013-46928-C3-3-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2015-71938-RED

Endogenous Fishing Mortalities: a State-Space Bioeconomic Model

A methodology that endogenously determines catchability functions that link fi shing mortality with contemporaneous stock abundance is presented. We consider a stochastic age-structured model for a fishery composed by a number of fi shing units (fleets, vessels or métiers) that optimally select the level of fishing effort to be applied considering total mortalities as given. The introduction of a balance constrain which guarantees that total mortality is equal to the sum of individual fi shing mortalities optimally selected, enables total fishing mortality to be determined as a combination of contemporaneous abundance and stochastic processes affecting the fishery. In this way, future abundance can be projected as a dynamic system that depends on contemporaneous abundance. The model is generic and can be applied to several issues of fisheries management. In particular, we illustrate how to apply the methodology to assess the floating band target management regime for controlling fishing mortalities which is inspired in the new multi-annual plans. Our results support this management regime for the Mediterranean demersal fishery in Northern Spain.This work was funded by the European Commission as part of the MINOUW project (H2020-SFS-2014-2, number 634495) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (ECO2016-78819-R, AEI/FEDER, UE

Globally Distributed Software Process Engineering

Software processes is becoming a more addressed issue in software development companies every day. These processes are defined regardless of the environment in which they run. To incorporate aspects of that environment is essential, especially if referring to GSE. Despite this fact, the process itself should not be necessary modified. This paper provides a first draft of a research focused on software process definition, modeling, implementation and evaluation in a GSE environment, so as to facilitate the information exchange through a hierarchical process that does not involve modification of specific processes.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TIN2007-67843-C06-03Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TIN2010-20057-C03-0

Experimental study of MIMO-OFDM transmissions at 94 GHz in indoor environments

Millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies have been proposed to achieve high capacity in 5G communications. Although meaningful research on the channel characteristics has been performed in the 28, 38and 60 GHz bands ─in both indoor and short-range scenarios─,only a small number of trials (experiments) have been carried out in other mm-wave bands. The objective of this work is to study the viability and evaluate the performance of the 94 GHz frequency band for MIMO-OFDM transmission in an indoor environment. Starting from a measurement campaign, the performance of MIMO algorithms is studied in terms of throughput for four different antenna configurations.This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MINECO, Spain under Grant TEC2016-78028-C3-2-P, and in part by the European FEDER funds