Auditoría de gestión al Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de la parroquia Cebadas, cantón Guamote, provincia de Chimborazo, periodo de enero a diciembre del 2014

El Objetivo de la presente investigación es una Auditoría de Gestión al Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de la Parroquia de Cebadas, Cantón Guamote, Provincia de Chimborazo, periodo de enero a diciembre del 2014 para revisar y evaluar la economía y eficiencia con lo que se han utilizado los recursos humanos, materiales y financieros. Se aplicó el método deductivo y el inductivo. Las técnicas de investigación utilizadas fueron la observación y análisis de documentos. Para el desarrollo de la auditoría de gestión, se utilizaron algunos instrumentos como la aplicación de cuestionarios de control interno, flujo gramas, encuestas y entrevistas. Durante el examen de auditoría se ejecutaron las cuatro fases, como: el conocimiento preliminar, la planificación, el trabajo de campo y el informe final de la misma. Se emplearon cuestionarios de control, analizando sus seis componentes como es ambiente de control, evaluación de riesgos, actividades de control, información, comunicación y monitoreo. Se detalla los hallazgos encontrados y se determinó que dentro del personal no se difunde la misión y visión frecuentemente, se pudo detectar la falta de un código de ética que ayude al desarrollo responsable y ético de las actividades del personal, se encuentra un débil manejo y control del organigrama estructural, falta de preocupación en la competencia profesional y despreocupación en un sistema para evaluar los riesgos. Por lo cual se recomienda aplicar una auditoría interna en periodos determinados para conocer el nivel de cumplimiento de los objetivos institucionales, ya que su ejecución requiere ser una guía que se adapte a las condiciones existentes y que, sin limitar la independencia y creatividad del auditor, le permita lograr una sistematicidad y orden que le haga obtener los mejores resultados en el período más breve posible.The objective of the present investigation is to apply a Management Auditing to the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Parish of Cebadas, County Guamote, Province of Chimborazo, during the period from January to December of 2014, to review and evaluate the economy and efficiency with which the human, material, and financial resources have been evaluated. The deductive and inductive methods were applied. The techniques of investigation used were: the observation and documentation analysis. For the development of the management auditing, some instruments were used such as the application of surveys of internal control, flow charts, surveys, and interviews. During the auditing test, four phases were executed, such as: the preliminary knowledge, the planning, the field work and the final report of the same. Control surveys were employed, analyzing of six components such as: the control environment, risking assessment, control activities, information, communication, and monitoring. The found discoveries are detailed and determined that within the staff the mission and vision is not promoted, frequently. Also, the lack of Ethic Code was detected, which helps to the responsible and ethic development of the staff activities, a weak management was found, and a lack of control of the structural organizational chart, lack of concern in the professional competence and the absence of a system to evaluate the risks. That is why, is recommended to apply an internal auditing in determined periods to know the level of accomplishment of the institutional objectives, since its execution requires being a guide to be fitted to the existent conditions and, without limiting the independence and creativity of the auditor, and permits him-her to reach a systematization and order to obtain the best result In the most early period

Analysis and implementation of a wireless communication system on an unique carrier using a software defined radio

Orientador: Luís Geraldo Pedroso MeloniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: Este trabalho visa estudar a tecnologia de rádio definido por software (SDR) e utilizá-la na implementação de um sistema de comunicações sem fio em portadora única. Visa ainda sua aplicação no ensino dos sistemas de telecomunicações. SDR é uma tecnologia em desenvolvimento na qual todas ou algumas das funções da camada física do sistema são implementadas em software, o que provê vantagens em relação à tecnologia de rádio convencional, tais como flexibilidade de configuração e redução do tempo de desenvolvimento. Diz-se que o sistema é flexível porque permite que um único equipamento possa ser reconfigurado via software de acordo com o sistema de rádio desejado, sem precisar modificar o hardware. Reduz-se o tempo de desenvolvimento, porque pequenas ou grandes mudanças no sistema podem ser feitas no programa e verificadas rapidamente. Na presente dissertação, analisa-se e implementa-se um sistema de comunicação sem fio em portadora única, utilizando rádio definido por software (SDR). A plataforma de desenvolvimento de software empregada é a do Simulink/Matlab e o hardware é o periférico N210 desenvolvida pelo fabricante Ettus Research, uma empresa pertencente à National Instrument. Como parte do trabalho implementou-se o padrão europeu EN 300-421 de transmissão de vídeo digital por satélite (DVB-S). Finalmente, mostra-se a implementação do sistema SDR em dois cenários, primeiramente mostra-se a simulação e seus respectivos gráficos BER para medir o desempenho, em seguida, mostra-se a implementação em um cenário mais real, i.e com os equipamentos físicos de SDR e transmitindo pelo ar de um computador a outroAbstract: This work aims at studying the software defined radio (SDR) technology and use it to implement a wireless communication system on single carrier for telecommunications systems teaching purposes. SDR is a developing technology in which all or some of the functions of the physical layer are implemented in software, which provides advantages over conventional radio technology such as configuration flexibility and reduction in development time. It is said that the system is flexible because it allows a single device to be reconfigured via software according to the desired radio system without modifying the hardware; and reduces development time beacuse small or large changes in the system can be made in the program and verified quickly. In this work, a wireless communication system in single carrier is analyzed and implemented by using software-defined radio (SDR). The software used in this system is Simulink / Matlab and the hardware is the N210 peripheral from Ettus Company. As part of the work, the European standard EN 300-421 digital video broadcasting satellite (DVB-S) was implemented. Finally, two cases of the SDR system implementation are shown. The first one is about our simulation and BER graphics is shown to measure the performance. The second one shows a more real case, i.e. using the Ettus devices and wireless transmission using two computersMestradoTelecomunicações e TelemáticaMestre em Engenharia Elétric

Sistema de gestión de almacenes para disminuir costos logísticos en una empresa de construcción – Chiclayo 2021

La presente investigación se desarrolló con el fin de disminuir los costos logísticos diseñando un sistema de gestión de almacenes para una empresa de construcción en Chiclayo. Se evaluó la situación actual de la empresa con respecto al sistema de gestión de almacenes, evidenciándose problemas como la falta de capacitación del personal, el poco control de materiales, la falta de formatos de control, etc., generando que los costos logísticos sean elevados. Esto significa un 73.39% de los costos que se destinan al almacén, debido al deficiente control de los materiales, como los costos de las unidades dañadas que superan, en cada mes, más de 1000 soles. Se implementó correctamente el sistema de gestión de almacenes, con la aplicación de una planificación de compras mediante el EOQ (Lote Económico de Compra), la clasificación ABC de los materiales, el control de inventarios y además se aplicaron las 9’S, que fueron claves en la disminución de los costos, debido a que es una filosofía que aportan aspectos fundamentales en el área del almacén, disminuyendo los costos logísticos en un 21% del 30% que se halló como valor del costo logístico Por último, se evaluó el análisis beneficio-costo obteniéndose 1.25, que nos indica que la propuesta del sistema de gestión de almacenes es viable, ya que se estaría generando 0.25 soles de ganancia.TesisInfraestructura, Tecnología y Medio Ambient

Aplicando Control Calidad en la Manufactura de Manteles Individuales de Palma de Iraca

Artisanal production using the Iraca palm is a long-standing indigenous technique that has been passed down through generations. In several Colombian communities, this job provides a living for many families, as it creates economic resources that allow them to stay in their community rather than relocate to the city. This plant may be used to create a broad range of things, from personal accessories to handcrafted goods. In the following paper, applying quality control techniques were used to ensure consistency in the manufacture of 600 handcrafted individual tablecloths created with Iraca palm, in which client criteria were confirmed, such as: uniformity in size and conformity of each one, if the process is not standardized, it is very difficult to achieve. To manufacture this quantity, the intervention of at least 20 artisans with different skills and experiences is required. For the measurement and determination of the parameter fulfillment, it was compared against a standard mold with upper and lower tolerance limits. It was found that 78% of the products were within the specified range, 9% were below the tolerance limit, and 13% were above it. By applying a Pareto chart, the most frequent defects were identified. On the other side, the findings from the cause-and-effect diagram showed that even the initial activities of the production process, such as the planting of the Iraca palm, are fundamental and directly impacts the final quality of the product.  La producción artesanal con palma de iraca es una actividad tradicional de algunos pueblos indígenas que se practica desde hace mucho tiempo y aún hoy se ha transmitido a esta generación. En algunos municipios de Colombia, esta labor es el sustento de muchas familias, debido a que les generan unos recursos económicos para subsistir en su región y no migrar a la ciudad. Con esta planta, se pueden elaborar una gran variedad de productos, desde accesorios personales hasta productos caseros. En el siguiente informe, se aplicaron algunas herramientas del control de la calidad para garantizar la uniformidad en una muestra de 600 manteles individuales artesanales fabricados con palma de iraca, en los cuales se constató el cumplimiento de los requisitos del cliente como lo son: La uniformidad en el tamaño y el buen acabado de cada uno de ellos, lo cual es muy difícil de cumplir si no se estandariza el proceso, debido a que para elaborar esta cantidad, se hace necesario la intervención de al menos de 20 artesanos, los cuales tienen diferentes habilidades y experiencias. Para la medición y cumplimiento de los parámetros, se comparó contra un molde patrón con límites de tolerancia superior e inferior. Los hallazgos del análisis demuestran que el 78% de los productos estaban dentro del rango especificado y que el 9% estaban por debajo del límite de tolerancia y el 13% por arriba de este. Al aplicar un diagrama de Pareto, se lograron identificar los defectos más frecuentes. Por otro lado, se definió a partir del diagrama de causa y efecto que incluso las actividades iniciales de siembra de esta planta pueden impactar la calidad de los productos

Serum Endoglin Levels in Patients Suffering from Systemic Sclerosis and Elevated Systolic Pulmonary Arterial Pressure

Background. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the main cause of morbimortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Increased Eng expression has been demonstrated in SSc patients. Objective. Ascertaining serum levels of Eng in SSc patients with and without elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) and comparing them with that of healthy volunteers. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A commercial ELISA kit was used for measuring serum concentrations of Eng in 60 subjects: 40 patients with SSc with and without elevated sPAP, compared to 20 healthy control subjects. Elevated sPAP was detected by echocardiogram. Results. No association between positive Eng and elevated sPAP was found when compared to the SSc without elevated sPAP group (OR = 2.85; 0.65–12.88 95% CI; P = .11); however, an association was found between positive Eng and elevated sPAP compared to healthy controls (OR = 23.22; 2.46–1050.33 95% CI; P = .001), and weak association was found between the positive Eng with SSc without elevated sPAP group compared to healthy controls (OR = 8.14, 0.8–393.74 95% CI; P = .046). Conclusion. Raised serum levels of Eng in SSc patients compared to healthy controls were found, suggesting a role for Eng in SSc vasculopathy and not just in elevated sPAP. However, prospective studies are needed to verify such observations

Evaluation of teaching performance in the virtual teaching-learning environment, from the perspective of the students of the Professional School of Mechanical Engineering

The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect that virtual teaching learning generates in the evaluation of teaching performance, from the perspective of the students, of the professional mechanical engineering school. During the development of the research, it has been determined that the planning, communication and overall performance factors of the teaching performance have experienced a positive variation of 63.64%, increasing by 3.8%, when moving from the face-to-face environment to the virtual teaching-learning environment. While the didactic strategies, organization and subject mastery factors have experienced a positive variation of 59.09%, this increase represents 1.92%. Although a positive effect has been generated on teacher performance, it has been determined that, of the 6 factors, it is the Communication factor which has presented the greatest negative variation, being of the total of 22 teachers, 11 who have decreased their qualification.Campus At

History of autoimmunity. First Part. The immunology From where and to where?

La inmunología nace especialmente a finales del siglo XIX y en las primeras dos décadas del siglo XX, pero su expansión y desarrollo acelerado se realiza a finales del siglo XX y exponencial-mente en el siglo XXI. Se origina de la microbiología y de la bacteriología, al buscar resultados rápidos de la aplicación inmediata en la prevención y curación de las infecciones bacterianas, que para esa época eran los problemas cruciales dela medicina. Desde ese inicio, la inmunología está conectada desde el área básica con todas las ramas de la medicina, de la biología y la ingenie-ría, originando una nueva especialidad como loes la Ingeniería Biomédica.Q411-3

Satisfacción con la Vida y la Autoeficacia Específica para el Afrontamiento del Estrés, en los Estudiantes Universitarios de la Escuela de Psicología de la Universidad Privada César Vallejo de Lima Sur, 2017

The general objective was to establish the relationship between life satisfaction and specific self-efficacy for coping with stress in psychology university students at the César Vallejo Private University. Research with a quantitative and non-experimental approach, correlational type, descriptive cut. The population is psychology students from the César Vallejo Private University. Sample made up of 80 university students from the IX night shift cycle. The technique used are psychosometric, and the survey. Tables and figures were organized for descriptive statistics, Pearson's normality and correlation test was used for statistical inferences. The results show that the values ​​of sig <0.05, therefore, H0 is rejected, it is accepted that the sample data do not come from a normal distribution, therefore, to test the hypotheses, the Kolmogorov test was used- Smirnov and Pearson's coefficient, the null hypothesis is rejected and the HG hypothesis is admitted. Satisfaction with life is significantly related to specific self-efficacy for coping with stress, in psychology university students of the César Vallejo Private University, it is a strong positive correlation, according to the correlation indexes.El objetivo general fue establecer la relación entre satisfacción con la vida y la autoeficacia específica para el afrontamiento del estrés en los estudiantes universitarios de Psicología de la Universidad Privada César Vallejo. La investigación de enfoque cuantitativo y no experimental, tipo correlacional, corte descriptivo. La población son los estudiantes de psicología de la Universidad Privada César Vallejo. Muestra conformada por 80 estudiantes universitarios del IX ciclo turno noche. La técnica empleada son psicosométricas, y la encuesta. Se organizo tablas y figuras para la estadística descriptiva, en la estadística inferencias se utilizó la prueba de normalidad y correlación de Pearson. Los resultados muestran que los valores de sig < 0.05, por lo tanto, se rechaza H0, se acepta que los datos de la muestra no provienen de una distribución normal, por lo tanto, para probar las hipótesis planteadas se usó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y el coeficiente de Pearson, se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se admite la hipótesis del HG. Satisfacción con la vida se relaciona significativamente con la autoeficacia específica para el afrontamiento del estrés, en los estudiantes universitarios de Psicología de la Universidad Privada César Vallejo, es correlación positiva fuerte, de acuerdo a los índices de correlación

Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Honorio Coronado, E. N., Dexter, K. G., Pennington, R. T., Chave, J., Lewis, S. L., Alexiades, M. N., Alvarez, E., Alves de Oliveira, A., Amaral, I. L., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E. J. M. M., Aymard, G. A., Baraloto, C., Bonal, D., Brienen, R., Cerón, C., Cornejo Valverde, F., Di Fiore, A., Farfan-Rios, W., Feldpausch, T. R., Higuchi, N., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Laurance, S. G., Laurance, W. F., López-Gonzalez, G., Marimon, B. S., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Neill, D., Palacios Cuenca, W., Peñuela Mora, M. C., Pitman, N. C. A., Prieto, A., Quesada, C. A., Ramirez Angulo, H., Rudas, A., Ruschel, A. R., Salinas Revilla, N., Salomão, R. P., Segalin de Andrade, A., Silman, M. R., Spironello, W., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Toledo, M., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., Vieira, I. C. G., Vilanova Torre, E., Vos, V., Phillips, O. L. (2015), Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. Diversity and Distributions, 21: 1295–1307. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12357, which has been published in final form at 10.1111/ddi.12357Aim: To examine variation in the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of tree communities across geographical and environmental gradients in Amazonia. Location: Two hundred and eighty-three c. 1 ha forest inventory plots from across Amazonia. Methods: We evaluated PD as the total phylogenetic branch length across species in each plot (PDss), the mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD), the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) and their equivalents standardized for species richness (ses.PDss, ses.MPD, ses.MNTD). We compared PD of tree communities growing (1) on substrates of varying geological age; and (2) in environments with varying ecophysiological barriers to growth and survival. Results: PDss is strongly positively correlated with species richness (SR), whereas MNTD has a negative correlation. Communities on geologically young- and intermediate-aged substrates (western and central Amazonia respectively) have the highest SR, and therefore the highest PDss and the lowest MNTD. We find that the youngest and oldest substrates (the latter on the Brazilian and Guiana Shields) have the highest ses.PDss and ses.MNTD. MPD and ses.MPD are strongly correlated with how evenly taxa are distributed among the three principal angiosperm clades and are both highest in western Amazonia. Meanwhile, seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) and forests on white sands have low PD, as evaluated by any metric. Main conclusions: High ses.PDss and ses.MNTD reflect greater lineage diversity in communities. We suggest that high ses.PDss and ses.MNTD in western Amazonia results from its favourable, easy-to-colonize environment, whereas high values in the Brazilian and Guianan Shields may be due to accumulation of lineages over a longer period of time. White-sand forests and SDTF are dominated by close relatives from fewer lineages, perhaps reflecting ecophysiological barriers that are difficult to surmount evolutionarily. Because MPD and ses.MPD do not reflect lineage diversity per se, we suggest that PDss, ses.PDss and ses.MNTD may be the most useful diversity metrics for setting large-scale conservation priorities.FINCyT - PhD studentshipSchool of Geography of the University of LeedsRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghNatural Environment Research Council (NERC)Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationEuropean Union's Seventh Framework ProgrammeERCCNPq/PELDNSF - Fellowshi

The number of tree species on Earth

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness. Please note an (erratum/corrigendum) for this article is available via https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.220278411