Mps1 Phosphorylates Its N-Terminal Extension to Relieve Autoinhibition and Activate the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a conserved apical kinase in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that ensures accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Mps1 undergoes extensive auto- and transphosphorylation, but the regulatory and functional consequences of these modifications remain unclear. Recent findings highlight the importance of intermolecular interactions between the N-terminal extension (NTE) of Mps1 and the Hec1 subunit of the NDC80 complex, which control Mps1 localization at kinetochores and activation of the SAC. Whether the NTE regulates other mitotic functions of Mps1 remains unknown. Here, we report that phosphorylation within the NTE contributes to Mps1 activation through relief of catalytic autoinhibition that is mediated by the NTE itself. Moreover, we find that this regulatory NTE function is independent of its role in Mps1 kinetochore recruitment. We demonstrate that the NTE autoinhibitory mechanism impinges most strongly on Mps1-dependent SAC functions and propose that Mps1 activation likely occurs sequentially through dimerization of a “prone-to-autophosphorylate” Mps1 conformer followed by autophosphorylation of the NTE prior to maximal kinase activation segment trans-autophosphorylation. Our observations underline the importance of autoregulated Mps1 activity in generation and maintenance of a robust SAC in human cells

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

The function of the pseudokinase domain of BUBR1 in mitosis

La mitose est un point critique de la division cellulaire, où la distribution précise du matériel génétique garantit la viabilité de la descendance. En conséquence, la ségrégation correcte des chromosomes pendant la mitose dépend de la capacité du point de contrôle d'assemblage du fuseau mitotique (SAC) à détecter l’interaction des chromosomes avec les microtubules. Ainsi, la voie de signalisation du SAC est responsable d’inhiber la séparation des chromatides-sœurs jusqu’à l’attachement correct de tous les chromosomes aux microtubules provenant des pôles opposés du fuseau mitotique. Une fois que les chromosomes sont fixés, le signal du SAC est éteint. L'extinction du SAC dépend d'une réaction rapide aux attachements, orchestrée par deux forces qui s’opposent au niveau des centromères : les activités kinases et phosphatases. Lorsque tous les chromosomes sont correctement attachés, l'activité phosphatase augmente et éteint le signal du SAC. Notamment, la protéine pseudokinase BUBR1 est cruciale pour la génération de l’activité phosphatase au niveau d’un grand complexe protéique établi aux centromères, le kinétochore. En bref, la voie de contrôle mitotique conduit à la phosphorylation de la protéine KNL1, un des principaux centres d’échafaudage du kinétochore, provoquant une accumulation de BUBR1 et d'autres protéines impliquées dans le SAC. La phosphorylation de BUBR1 à son domaine KARD crée un motif de liaison pour la sous-unité B56 de la phosphatase PP2A. Par conséquent, le complexe BURR1-PP2AB56 est essentiel pour la dephosphorylation de plusieurs sites aux kinétochores et éteindre le SAC. Pour cette raison, comprendre comment le chemin évolutif de la pseudokinase BUBR1 l'a amenée à promouvoir la déphosphorylation est une question intrigante. D'un point de vue évolutif, les gènes de la famille Bub, incluant le gène codant pour BUBR1, ont évolué à partir d'un seul gène ancestral appelé Madbub. Le gène Madbub a subi des événements de duplication de gènes distincts au cours de l'évolution conduisant à une sous-fonctionnalisation de la protéine produisant deux copies de gène différentes. Premièrement, la copie BUB1 a perdu un domaine indispensable pour le SAC appelé KEN box, mais a conservé un autre domaine crucial, le domaine kinase. Cependant, l'autre copie MAD3 a conservé le domaine KEN box et a perdu le domaine kinase. Remarquablement, la copie de la protéine MAD3 chez un certain nombre d'insectes et de vertébrés, appelé BUBR1, a conservé le domaine kinase malgré une dégénérescence résultant un domaine kinase inactif, ou pseudokinase. Il existe, notamment, des exceptions comme la Drosophila, qui présente une kinase active. En tous cas, l'avantage évolutif conféré par le maintien de ce domaine serait la stabilité qu’il confère à la protéine entière. Les mutations dans le gène codant pour BUBR1 qui causent la déstabilisation de la protéine sont associées à l’aneuploïdie variée en mosaïque, une maladie sévère qui entraîne le développement du cancer chez l’enfant. Également, des mutations au niveau de plusieurs résidus situés au niveau du domaine pseudokinase de BUBR1 déstabilisent la protéine entière. Toutefois, étant donné que BUBR1 tronqué au niveau de son domaine kinase est en fait plus stable que le type sauvage et que l'homologue BUBR1 dépourvu de kinase, MAD3, est présent dans la majorité des organismes inférieurs, cela soulève la question de savoir si le domaine pseudokinase confère un autre attribut à la fonction ou régulation de BUBR1, en particulier chez les organismes plus complexes. La présente étude vise à préciser si le domaine pseudokinase de BUBR1 régule la fonction du domaine KARD pendant la mitose. Nous présentons un aperçu d'un domaine de pseudokinase dans le contrôle de la liaison d'une phosphatase, car nos données confirment que le domaine pseudokinase régule l'affinité du KARD pour la phosphatase PP2AB56. Finalement, nous avons dévoilé un nouveau rôle du domaine pseudokinase de BUBR1 qui est crucial pour certaines fonctions mitotiques et qui aide à expliquer le chemin évolutif particulier subit par son gène.Mitosis is a critical point of cell division, where the accurate distribution of genetic material guarantees the viability of the progeny. Proper chromosome segregation during mitosis relies on the capacity of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to sense the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules. The SAC pathway is responsible for halting sister chromatid separation until all chromosomes are correctly attached to microtubules originating from opposing poles of the mitotic spindle. After the chromosomes are successfully attached, the SAC signal is extinguished. SAC extinction depends on a swift response to microtubule attachments to sister-chromatids, which is orchestrated by the tug-of-war between two opposing sides: kinase and phosphatase activities. Each sister-chromatid possesses a kinetochore, a great protein complex that serves as interface between chromosomes and microtubules. At kinetochores unattached to microtubules, kinase activity dominates and turns the signalling on. Once all kinetochores are properly attached, phosphatase activity increases and silences the signalling. Importantly, the protein pseudokinase BUBR1 is crucial for the generation of phosphatase activity at kinetochores. When active, the mitotic checkpoint leads to the phosphorylation of MELT motifs in the kinetochore protein KNL1, causing BUBR1 and other SAC protein accumulation at kinetochores. In turn, BUBR1 phosphorylation at its kinetochoremicrotubule attachment domain (KARD) creates a binding motif for the B56 subunit of the phosphatase PP2A. Surprisingly, the pseudokinase BUBR1, in complex with PP2AB56, acts as an important phosphatase of the mitotic checkpoint by counteracting the SAC-activating kinases AURORA B and MPS1. How the evolutionary path of a protein kinase ultimately led it to promote dephosphorylation, the opposite role from its original kinase domain, is an intriguing question. From an evolutionary perspective, the Bub family gene evolved from a single ancestral gene, termed Madbub, that presented two essential domains for mitosis, v the kinase and the KEN box domain. Accordingly, Madbub undertook distinct gene duplication events throughout evolution leading to a parallel subfunctionalization of the protein yielding two different copies. One of the copies, BUB1, lost the KEN box domain but retained the kinase domain. However, the other copy, MAD3, retained the KEN box and lost the kinase domain. Barring a few exceptions, the MAD3 copy in a number of insects and vertebrates, called BUBR1, retained the kinase domain albeit severely degenerated, yielding an inactive kinase domain, or pseudokinase. Retaining this catalytically inactive domain is believed to be an evolutionary advantage since it confers stability to the whole protein. Indeed, mutations in the BUBR1 pseudokinase domain are associated with the disease Mosaic Variegated Aneuploidy, a severe condition that causes the development of cancer in children due to a reduction in BUBR1 levels. Nevertheless, since BUBR1 truncated at its kinase domain is in fact more stable than wild-type and the kinase-lacking BUBR1- homolog MAD3 is present in the majority of lower eukaryotes s raise questions concerning whether the pseudokinase domain provides another attribute to BUBR1 function or regulation, especially in more complex organisms. The present study aims to clarify whether the pseudokinase domain of BUBR1 regulates KARD function in mitosis. We present the first insight of a pseudokinase domain controlling its binding to a phosphatase, as our data supports that the pseudokinase regulates KARD affinity to PP2AB56. Here we demonstrate that, besides its role in AURORA B centromeric recruitment, BUB1 has also a role in opposing AURORA B activity by promoting PP2AB56 tethering to BUBR1. Collectively, we unraveled a new role of the BUBR1 pseudokinase domain that is crucial for proper mitotic functions and helps explain the characteristic evolutionary path undertaken by the Bub1b gene

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data