Understanding Financial Instability: Minsky Versus the Austrians

In the wake of the Financial Crisis and the subsequent Great Recession several commentators have suggested that the analysis of financial instability provided by various strands of heterodox economics got it "right" and that mainstream economics got it "wrong". In this paper two variants of heterodox views about financial instability are compared critically: the views of the late Hyman P. Minsky on the one hand, and the theses of the Austrian School on the other. Indeed there seem to exist a number of prima facie similarities and analogies between Minsky’s approach to the study of financial instability and that of the Austrian School. In particular attention can be drawn to such elements as, among others, the following: (a) both theories are theories of the upper turning point; (b) both theories give due attention to institutional factors, in particular the role of banks and financial institutions; (c) both approaches reject mainstream static equilibrium theorizing; (d) both approaches adhere to a monetary theory of the business cycle and explain, in their respective ways, the non-neutrality and the endogeneity of money; (e) in both approaches the role of Knightian uncertainty is appreciated; (f) in both approaches an attempt is made to provide the theory of the business cycle with adequate micro-foundations as well as with price-theoretic foundations. At the same time it can be seen that these similarities and analogies are quite superficial. The most important differences between both approaches relate to (a) the fundamental causal analysis of business cycles and the role of the interest-rate mechanism; (b) the identification of the relevant institutional context; (b) the role of capital and capital theory; (c) the quite different appreciation of the role of liquidity and liquidity preference; (d) the link between uncertainty and institutional context and (e) the quite different remedies that are proposed by the two approaches. It is concluded that the apparent similarities between both approaches are superficial, while the divergences are profound and fundamental

Bullying, violence among equals and social services. An analysis from the perspectives of students of criminology and primary education

El artículo presenta un estudio del bullying y de los Servicios Sociales. Dichos conceptos se describen a través de una investigación cualitativa tomando como contexto España con alumnado de Grado de Maestro de primaria y de Criminología. Se presenta una investigación cualitativa a partir del paradigma interpretativo y mediante un diseño basado en tres perspectivas teóricas: el constructivismo social, la teoría de la violencia y la teoría del estigma. Los resultados presentados confirman cómo el bullying hace referencia al tipo de violencia contextualizada dentro de la escuela y, los Servicios Sociales hacen referencia a la institución comunitaria que forma parte de la red de intervención de cualquier municipio o comarca. Es por ello que resulta de especial interés promover unas líneas básicas de prevención que favorezca entornos libres de violencia, elaborar programas específicos y coordinar el trabajo en la red comunitaria.This article presents a study of bullying and social services. These concepts are described in the Spanish context using qualitative research with students seeking degress in the fields of education and criminology. This qualitative research is based on an interpretive paradigm. The study design rests on three theoretical perspectives: social constructivism, violence theory, and stigma theory. The results presented confirm that bullying is considered to be a type of violence contextualized in the school, and social services is considered the community institution that is a part of the intervention network in any municipality or region. For this reason it is especially important to promote basic areas of prevention that encourage environments free of violence, to develop specific programs and to coordinate the work of the community network

A aprendizagem cooperativa promove a inclusão? Revisão Sistemática

Cooperative learning is a teaching methodology with great acceptance today. The main objective of this systematic review is to provide data on the published scientific evidence on how cooperative learning facilitates the inclusion of students with educational needs. A systematic search is proposed following the PRISMA method. The volume and type of publications, the thematic areas of study, the methodology and the type of sample used are exposed. It is concluded that given the shortage of publications that address the inclusion of students with educational needs, which includes these groups in the samples, it is necessary to develop lines of research that demonstrate that this methodology stimulates inclusion in attention to diversity in the classroom, as evidence of application and not only as a premise of theoretical departure.El aprendizaje cooperativo es una metodología docente con gran aceptación actualmente. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como principal objetivo aportar datos sobre la evidencia científica publicada relativa a cómo el aprendizaje cooperativo facilita la inclusión de estudiantes que presentan necesidades educativas. Se plantea una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo el método PRISMA. Se exponen el volumen y tipo de publicaciones, las áreas temáticas de estudio, la metodología y el tipo de muestra utilizada. Se concluye que ante la escasez de publicaciones que abordan la inclusión de estudiantes con necesidades educativas y que incluyan en las muestras a estos colectivos, es necesario desarrollar líneas de investigación que demuestren que esta metodología favorece la inclusión en atención a la diversidad en el aula, como evidencia de aplicación y no solo como premisa de partida teórica.A aprendizagem cooperativa é uma metodologia de ensino amplamente aceita na atualidade. O principal objetivo desta revisão sistemática é fornecer dados sobre as evidências científicas publicadas sobre como a aprendizagem cooperativa facilita a inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais. Uma busca sistemática é proposta seguindo o método PRISMA. São expostos o volume e o tipo de publicações, as áreas temáticas de estudo, a metodologia e o tipo de amostra utilizada. Conclui-se que diante da escassez de publicações que abordem a inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais e que incluam esses grupos nas amostras, é necessário desenvolver linhas de pesquisa que demonstrem que essa metodologia favorece a inclusão na atenção à diversidade em sala de aula, como evidência de aplicação e não apenas como premissa de partida teórica

Podcast en los Grados de Educación: “Maestros por el mundo”

This article presents a didactic experience carried out in the Degrees in Education at the CEU San Pablo University in Madrid. The aim is to promote digital competence through the creation of a podcast in the subject Pre-primary School. Participants were 18 eighteen to twenty-year-old students belonging to the Pre-Primary and Primary Education degrees participated in the experience, together with five fourth-year students in the Degree in Advertising, who collaborated recording and editing the podcast. To this end, the students interviewed 10 international and European pre-primary teachers. Also, two pedagogues shared their experience during a mirror lesson related to pre-primary school. Afterwards, with all the data collected, the students elaborated an educational podcast with the title: "Teachers around the world". A qualitative research approach is used, applying techniques such as: semi-structured interviews, participant observation and transcription of the recordings made. Regarding the podcast, 82% of students assess it positively as a resource for their future teaching work. In addition, 100% of the students passed the subject.Este artículo presenta una experiencia didáctica llevada a cabo en los Grados de Educación de la Universidad CEU San Pablo de Madrid. El objetivo es potenciar la competencia digital mediante la creación de un podcast en la asignatura de Escuela Infantil. Participaron 18 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 20 años de los grados de Infantil y de Infantil-Primaria, junto con cinco alumnos de 4º curso del Grado en Publicidad que colaboran en la grabación y edición del podcast. Para ello, los alumnos entrevistaron a 10 profesores de escuela infantil y escucharon dos clases espejo impartidas por dos pedagogos. Posteriormente, con los datos recopilados, realizaron un podcast, de tipo educativo, con el título: “Maestros por el mundo”. Se emplea un enfoque de investigación cualitativa, aplicando técnicas como: entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y transcripción de las grabaciones realizadas. El resultado es una valoración positiva por parte de un 82% de los estudiantes en cuanto al podcast como material para su futuro docente, al igual que un 100% de aprobados en la materia seleccionada

El bullying en el marco de la escuela inclusiva: revisión sistemática

The objective of this study is to provide a review of the scientific literature with the aim of offering a definition of the construct of inclusive education and its positioning and intervention framework in the event of bullying. For this, a systematic bibliographic review is approached through the SciELO, ERIC, Dialnet, TESEO, DOAJ, Jurn, Refseek, REDIB, EBSCO, Scopus and La Referencia databases, identifying a total of 73 articles. The results reveal the relationship between the formative aspects of the educational community in the field of inclusive education with intervention processes and ethical-political positions. These, when executed consistently and under a predefined and collegiate scheme, serve to favor inclusion and prevent peer violence.El objetivo del presente estudio es aportar una revisión de la literatura científica con el objetivo de ofrecer una definición del constructo de educación inclusiva y su posicionamiento y marco de intervención frente a casos de bullying. Para ello, se presenta una revisión sistemática de las bases de datos SciELO, ERIC, Dialnet, TESEO, DOAJ, Jurn, Refseek, REDIB, EBSCO, Scopus y La Referencia, que arrojó un total de 73 artículos. Los resultados revelan la relación entre los aspectos formativos de la comunidad educativa en materia de educación inclusiva con los procesos de intervención y los posicionamientos ético-políticos. Estos, cuando se ejecutan de forma coherente y bajo un esquema predefinido y colegiado, sirven como medio para favorecer la inclusión y prevenir la violencia entre pares

Miradas y voces de la investigación educativa I

Fil: Ferreyra, Horacio Ademar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Calneggia, María Isabel. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Di Francesco, Adriana Carlota. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; Argentin

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe