Pengaruh North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) terhadap Perekonomian Meksiko

At 1994, Mexico have a crisis result to domestic political instability and failures of the devaluation policy. Historically, the Mexican economic crisis had begin from 1980. The crisis in 1980 is result of Mexico’s foreign debt that fail to paid. Mexico made several attemps to rise from the economic crisis. One of the efforts is to be a member of NAFTA. To conform with NAFTA, Mexico changed some national policies. NAFTA is a regional institution for the North American that made by the government of the United States, Canada and Mexico. NAFTA implemented on January 1, 1994. NAFTA has three programs of cooperation, there are Free Trade Agreement, Environmental Cooperation and Labor Cooperation. NAFTA has gradually eliminate obstacles on cross-border trade in the region. NAFTA affected on Mexican economic growth because NAFTA has opened opportunity for Mexico to cooperate with the other NAFTA members. The cooperation aims to attract the foreign investment and increase the value of Mexican exports products, mainly agricultural products, so that GNP will growth and the economic growth will reached too. Keywords: Mexico, Economic Crisis, NAFTA, Cooperation, Economic Growth

Studies on Nucleic Acid Reassociation Kinetics: Retarded Rate of Hybridization of RNA with Excess DNA

The rate of reaction of excess double-stranded bacteriophage phi X174 and plasmid RSF2124 DNA drivers with enzymatically synthesized asymmetric RNA tracers was measured. Other reactions were carried out with excess Escherichia coli DNA and E. coli RNA labeled in vivo. RNA and DNA fragment lengths were held approximately equal. For each case it was shown that in DNA excess the rate constant for RNA· DNA hybridization is 3- to 4.5-fold lower than that of the renaturation rate constant for the driver DNA. This retardation was also observed in pseudo-first-order hybridization reactions driven by excess strand-separated RSF2124 DNA. It was concluded that the rate constant for RNA· DNA hybridization depends partially on which species is in excess

Pengaruh North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) terhadap Perekonomian Meksiko

ABSTRACTAt 1994, Mexico have a crisis result to domestic political instability and failures of the devaluation policy. Historically, the Mexican economic crisis had begin from 1980. The crisis in 1980 is result of Mexico’s foreign debt that fail to paid. Mexico made several attemps to rise from the economic crisis. One of the efforts is to be a member of NAFTA. To conform with NAFTA, Mexico changed some national policies. NAFTA is a regional institution for the North American that made by the government of the United States, Canada and Mexico. NAFTA implemented on January 1, 1994. NAFTA has three programs of cooperation, there are Free Trade Agreement, Environmental Cooperation and Labor Cooperation. NAFTA has gradually eliminate obstacles on cross-border trade in the region. NAFTA affected on Mexican economic growth because NAFTA has opened opportunity for Mexico to cooperate with the other NAFTA members. The cooperation aims to attract the foreign investment and increase the value of Mexican exports products, mainly agricultural products, so that GNP will growth and the economic growth will reached too.Keywords: Mexico, Economic Crisis, NAFTA, Cooperation, Economic Growth

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP STRATEGI PEMASARAN DALAM BUDIDAYA UDANG TAMBAK(Studi Di Desa Pengubaian Kecamatan Kaur Selatan Kabupaten Kaur Provinsi Bengkulu)

ABSTRAK Pemasaran Islam adalah sebuah displin bisnis strategi yang mengarahkan proses penciptaan, penawaran dan perubahan values dari satu investor kepada stakholders(pemilik kepentingan) yang dalam keseluruhan proses sesuai akad serta prinsip-prinsip Al-Quran dan Hadist. Tujuan adanya strategi pemasaran ialah bisa tercapainya suatu upaya mempertahankan dan meningkatkan penjualan untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang lebih besar. Islam sangat mengedepankan prinsip saling rela (ridha) dan menghidari riba. Dimana konsumen yang membeli udang tambak belum mengetahui secara pasti bentuk dari udang yang dijual oleh pemilik itu sendiri.Dengan begitu apakah strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan pemilik udang tambak melakukan pemasaran dalam penjualannya sesuai dengan hukum Islam atau tidak. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak yang ada Desa Pengubaian. Bagaimana Tinjauan Dari Hukum Islam terhadap praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaian. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Bagaimana praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak yang ada Desa Pengubaian. Bagaimana Tinjauan Dari Hukum Islam terhadap praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan pada pemilik, pengelola dan konsumen udang tambak di Desa PengubaianKecamatan Kaur Selatan. Sumber data yang penulis gunakan adalah terdiri dari sumber data primer yaitu data-data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dan dokumentasi dan sumber data sekunder yaitu data-data yang diperoleh dari penelaahan buku-buku yang berkaitan dan menunjang penelitian ini.Setelah data terkumpul penulis melakukan analisis data dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktikStrategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaiandengan cara promosi yang dimana promosi bertujuan untuk memberi informasi, mempengaruhi iii atu membujuk kepada calon pelanggan agar produknya dapat digunakan dan diterima oleh konsumen penentuan hargaudang tambak yang dijual masih dalam tarif harga yang normal. Hal ini tentunya tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Dan transaksi pertukaran antara barang dengan barang atau barang dengan uang dengan jalan melepaskan hak milik dari satu dengan yang lain atas dasar saling merelakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang dibenarkan syara’ (hukum Islam)

The synthetic integron: an in vivo genetic shuffling device

As the field of synthetic biology expands, strategies and tools for the rapid construction of new biochemical pathways will become increasingly valuable. Purely rational design of complex biological pathways is inherently limited by the current state of our knowledge. Selection of optimal arrangements of genetic elements from randomized libraries may well be a useful approach for successful engineering. Here, we propose the construction and optimization of metabolic pathways using the inherent gene shuffling activity of a natural bacterial site-specific recombination system, the integron. As a proof of principle, we constructed and optimized a functional tryptophan biosynthetic operon in Escherichia coli. The trpA-E genes along with ‘regulatory’ elements were delivered as individual recombination cassettes in a synthetic integron platform. Integrase-mediated recombination generated thousands of genetic combinations overnight. We were able to isolate a large number of arrangements displaying varying fitness and tryptophan production capacities. Several assemblages required as many as six recombination events and produced as much as 11-fold more tryptophan than the natural gene order in the same context

Computational and Statistical Analyses of Amino Acid Usage and Physico-Chemical Properties of the Twelve Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein Classes

Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins (LEAPs) are ubiquitous proteins expected to play major roles in desiccation tolerance. Little is known about their structure - function relationships because of the scarcity of 3-D structures for LEAPs. The previous building of LEAPdb, a database dedicated to LEAPs from plants and other organisms, led to the classification of 710 LEAPs into 12 non-overlapping classes with distinct properties. Using this resource, numerous physico-chemical properties of LEAPs and amino acid usage by LEAPs have been computed and statistically analyzed, revealing distinctive features for each class. This unprecedented analysis allowed a rigorous characterization of the 12 LEAP classes, which differed also in multiple structural and physico-chemical features. Although most LEAPs can be predicted as intrinsically disordered proteins, the analysis indicates that LEAP class 7 (PF03168) and probably LEAP class 11 (PF04927) are natively folded proteins. This study thus provides a detailed description of the structural properties of this protein family opening the path toward further LEAP structure - function analysis. Finally, since each LEAP class can be clearly characterized by a unique set of physico-chemical properties, this will allow development of software to predict proteins as LEAPs

Whole-Genome Positive Selection and Habitat-Driven Evolution in a Shallow and a Deep-Sea Urchin

Comparisons of genomic sequence between divergent species can provide insight into the action of natural selection across many distinct classes of proteins. Here, we examine the extent of positive selection as a function of tissue-specific and stage-specific gene expression in two closely-related sea urchins, the shallow-water Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the deep-sea Allocentrotus fragilis, which have diverged greatly in their adult but not larval habitats. Genes that are expressed specifically in adult somatic tissue have significantly higher dN/dS ratios than the genome-wide average, whereas those in larvae are indistinguishable from the genome-wide average. Testis-specific genes have the highest dN/dS values, whereas ovary-specific have the lowest. Branch-site models involving the outgroup S. franciscanus indicate greater selection (ωFG) along the A. fragilis branch than along the S. purpuratus branch. The A. fragilis branch also shows a higher proportion of genes under positive selection, including those involved in skeletal development, endocytosis, and sulfur metabolism. Both lineages are approximately equal in enrichment for positive selection of genes involved in immunity, development, and cell–cell communication. The branch-site models further suggest that adult-specific genes have experienced greater positive selection than those expressed in larvae and that ovary-specific genes are more conserved (i.e., experienced greater negative selection) than those expressed specifically in adult somatic tissues and testis. Our results chart the patterns of protein change that have occurred after habitat divergence in these two species and show that the developmental or functional context in which a gene acts can play an important role in how divergent species adapt to new environments

Genome Fragmentation Is Not Confined to the Peridinin Plastid in Dinoflagellates

When plastids are transferred between eukaryote lineages through series of endosymbiosis, their environment changes dramatically. Comparison of dinoflagellate plastids that originated from different algal groups has revealed convergent evolution, suggesting that the host environment mainly influences the evolution of the newly acquired organelle. Recently the genome from the anomalously pigmented dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum plastid was uncovered as a conventional chromosome. To determine if this haptophyte-derived plastid contains additional chromosomal fragments that resemble the mini-circles of the peridin-containing plastids, we have investigated its genome by in-depth sequencing using 454 pyrosequencing technology, PCR and clone library analysis. Sequence analyses show several genes with significantly higher copy numbers than present in the chromosome. These genes are most likely extrachromosomal fragments, and the ones with highest copy numbers include genes encoding the chaperone DnaK(Hsp70), the rubisco large subunit (rbcL), and two tRNAs (trnE and trnM). In addition, some photosystem genes such as psaB, psaA, psbB and psbD are overrepresented. Most of the dnaK and rbcL sequences are found as shortened or fragmented gene sequences, typically missing the 3′-terminal portion. Both dnaK and rbcL are associated with a common sequence element consisting of about 120 bp of highly conserved AT-rich sequence followed by a trnE gene, possibly serving as a control region. Decatenation assays and Southern blot analysis indicate that the extrachromosomal plastid sequences do not have the same organization or lengths as the minicircles of the peridinin dinoflagellates. The fragmentation of the haptophyte-derived plastid genome K. veneficum suggests that it is likely a sign of a host-driven process shaping the plastid genomes of dinoflagellates