251 research outputs found
The Enigmatic Radio Afterglow of GRB 991216
We present wide-band radio observations spanning from 1.4 GHz to 350 GHz of
the afterglow of GRB 991216, taken from 1 to 80 days after the burst. The
optical and X-ray afterglow of this burst were fairly typical and are explained
by a jet fireball. In contrast, the radio light curve is unusual in two
respects: (a) the radio light curve does not show the usual rise to maximum
flux on timescales of weeks and instead appears to be declining already on day
1 and (b) the power law indices show significant steepening from the radio
through the X-ray bands. We show that the standard fireball model, in which the
afterglow is from a forward shock, is unable to account for (b) and we conclude
that the bulk of the radio emission must arise from a different source. We
consider two models, neither of which can be ruled out with the existing data.
In the first (conventional) model, the early radio emission is attributed to
emission from the reverse shock as in the case of GRB 990123. We predict that
the prompt optical emission would have been as bright (or brighter) than 8th
magnitude. In the second (exotic) model, the radio emission originates from the
forward shock of an isotropically energetic fireball (10^54 erg) expanding into
a tenuous medium (10^-4 cm^-3). The resulting fireball would remain
relativistic for months and is potentially resolvable with VLBI techniques.
Finally, we note that the near-IR bump of the afterglow is similar to that seen
in GRB 971214 and no fireball model can explain this bump.Comment: ApJ, submitte
Antibodies against enteroviruses in intravenous Ig preparations: Great variation in titres and poor correlation with the incidence of circulating serotypes
The Host Galaxy and Optical Light Curve of the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 980703
We present deep HST/STIS and ground-based photometry of the host galaxy of
the gamma-ray burst GRB 980703 taken 17, 551, 710, and 716 days after the
burst. We find that the host is a blue, slightly over-luminous galaxy with
V_gal = 23.00 +/- 0.10, (V-R)_gal = 0.43 +/- 0.13, and a centre that is
approximately 0.2 mag bluer than the outer regions of the galaxy. The galaxy
has a star-formation rate of 8-13 M_sun/yr, assuming no extinction in the host.
We find that the galaxy is best fit by a Sersic R^(1/n) profile with n ~= 1.0
and a half-light radius of 0.13 arcsec (= 0.72/h_100 proper kpc). This
corresponds to an exponential disk with a scale radius of 0.22 arcsec (=
1.21/h_100 proper kpc). Subtracting a fit with elliptical isophotes leaves
large residuals, which suggests that the host galaxy has a somewhat irregular
morphology, but we are unable to connect the location of GRB 980703 with any
special features in the host. The host galaxy appears to be a typical example
of a compact star forming galaxy similar to those found in the Hubble Deep
Field North. The R-band light curve of the optical afterglow associated with
this gamma-ray burst is consistent with a single power-law decay having a slope
of alpha = -1.37 +/- 0.14. Due to the bright underlying host galaxy the late
time properties of the light-curve are very poorly constrained. The decay of
the optical light curve is consistent with a contribution from an underlying
Type Ic supernova like SN1998bw, or a dust echo, but such contributions cannot
be securely established.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX using A&A Document Class v4.05, to appear
in A&
The Broadband Afterglow of GRB980329
We present radio observations of the afterglow of the bright gamma-ray burst
GRB980329 made between one month and several years after the burst, a
re-analysis of previously published submillimeter data, and late-time optical
and near-infrared (NIR) observations of the host galaxy. From the absence of a
spectral break in the optical/NIR colors of the host galaxy, we exclude the
earlier suggestion that GRB980329 lies at a redshift of z >~5. We combine our
data with the numerous multi-wavelength observations of the early afterglow,
fit a comprehensive afterglow model to the entire broadband dataset, and derive
fundamental physical parameters of the blast-wave and its host environment.
Models for which the ejecta expand isotropically require both a high
circumburst density and extreme radiative losses from the shock. No low density
model (n << 10 cm^{-3}) fits the data. A burst with a total energy of ~ 10^{51}
erg, with the ejecta narrowly collimated to an opening angle of a few degrees,
driven into a surrounding medium with density ~ 20 cm^{-3}, provides a
satisfactory fit to the lightcurves over a range of redshifts.Comment: 27 pages, incl. 6 figures, minor revisions (e.g. added/updated
references) Accepted by Ap
Gamma-Ray Burst afterglow scaling coefficients for general density profile
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are well described by synchrotron emission
originating from the interaction between a relativistic blast wave and the
external medium surrounding the GRB progenitor. We introduce a code to
reconstruct spectra and light curves from arbitrary fluid configurations,
making it especially suited to study the effects of fluid flows beyond those
that can be described using analytical approximations. As a check and first
application of our code we use it to fit the scaling coefficients of
theoretical models of afterglow spectra. We extend earlier results of other
authors to general circumburst density profiles. We rederive the physical
parameters of GRB 970508 and compare with other authorsComment: 11 pages, 5 figures. Revised edition removes references to unphysical
chromatic break and adds appendix on hot region directly behind shoc
The extraordinarily bright optical afterglow of GRB 991208 and its host galaxy
Observations of the extraordinarily bright optical afterglow (OA) of GRB
991208 started 2.1 d after the event. The flux decay constant of the OA in the
R-band is -2.30 +/- 0.07 up to 5 d, which is very likely due to the jet effect,
and after that it is followed by a much steeper decay with constant -3.2 +/-
0.2, the fastest one ever seen in a GRB OA. A negative detection in several
all-sky films taken simultaneously to the event implies either a previous
additional break prior to 2 d after the occurrence of the GRB (as expected from
the jet effect). The existence of a second break might indicate a steepening in
the electron spectrum or the superposition of two events. Once the afterglow
emission vanished, contribution of a bright underlying SN is found, but the
light curve is not sufficiently well sampled to rule out a dust echo
explanation. Our determination of z = 0.706 indicates that GRB 991208 is at 3.7
Gpc, implying an isotropic energy release of 1.15 x 10E53 erg which may be
relaxed by beaming by a factor > 100. Precise astrometry indicates that the GRB
coincides within 0.2" with the host galaxy, thus given support to a massive
star origin. The absolute magnitude is M_B = -18.2, well below the knee of the
galaxy luminosity function and we derive a star-forming rate of 11.5 +/- 7.1
Mo/yr. The quasi-simultaneous broad-band photometric spectral energy
distribution of the afterglow is determined 3.5 day after the burst (Dec 12.0)
implying a cooling frequency below the optical band, i.e. supporting a jet
model with p = -2.30 as the index of the power-law electron distribution.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 9 pages, 6
figures (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 have been updated
Evidence for a supernova in reanalyzed optical and near-infrared images of GRB970228
We present B-, V-, R_c-, I_c-, J-, H-, K- and K'-band observations of the
optical transient (OT) associated with GRB970228, based on a reanalysis of
previously used images and unpublished data. In order to minimize calibration
differences we have collected and analyzed most of the photometry and
consistently determined the magnitude of the OT relative to a set of secondary
field stars. We confirm our earlier finding that the early decay of the light
curves (before March 6, 1997) was faster than that at intermediate times
(between March 6 and April 7, 1997). At late times the light curves resume a
fast decay (after April 7, 1997). The early-time observations of GRB970228 are
consistent with relativistic blast-wave models but the intermediate- and
late-time observations are hard to understand in this framework. The
observations are well explained by an initial power law decay with index -1.73
+0.09 -0.12 modified at later times by a type-I_c supernova light curve.
Together with the evidence for GRB980326 and GRB980425 this gives further
support for the idea that at least some GRBs are associated with a possibly
rare type of supernova.Comment: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal, 9 pages including 3 figures,
uses emulateapj.st
Detailed study of the GRB 030329 radio afterglow deep into the non-relativistic phase
We explore the physics behind one of the brightest radio afterglows ever, GRB
030329, at late times when the jet is non-relativistic. We determine the
physical parameters of the blast wave and its surroundings, in particular the
index of the electron energy distribution, the energy of the blast wave, and
the density (structure) of the circumburst medium. We then compare our results
with those from image size measurements. We observed the GRB 030329 radio
afterglow with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and the Giant Metrewave
Radio Telescope at frequencies from 325 MHz to 8.4 GHz, spanning a time range
of 268-1128 days after the burst. We modeled all the available radio data and
derived the physical parameters. The index of the electron energy distribution
is p=2.1, the circumburst medium is homogeneous, and the transition to the
non-relativistic phase happens at t_NR ~ 80 days. The energy of the blast wave
and density of the surrounding medium are comparable to previous findings. Our
findings indicate that the blast wave is roughly spherical at t_NR, and they
agree with the implications from the VLBI studies of image size evolution. It
is not clear from the presented dataset whether we have seen emission from the
counter jet or not. We predict that the Low Frequency Array will be able to
observe the afterglow of GRB 030329 and many other radio afterglows,
constraining the physics of the blast wave during its non-relativistic phase
even further.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures; accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysics after minor revisions; small changes in GMRT fluxes at 1280 MH
Robust photometric redshift determinations of gamma-ray burst afterglows at z > 2
Theory suggests that about 10% of Swift-detected gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) will
originate at redshifts greater than 5 yet a number of high redshift candidates
may be left unconfirmed due to the lack of measured redshifts. Here we
introduce our code, GRBz, a method of simultaneous multi-parameter fitting of
GRB afterglow optical and near infrared, spectral energy distributions. It
allows for early determinations of the photometric redshift, spectral index and
host extinction to be made. We assume that GRB afterglow spectra are well
represented by a power-law decay and model the effects of absorption due to the
Lyman forest and host extinction. We use a genetic algorithm-based routine to
simultaneously fit the parameters of interest, and a Monte Carlo error
analysis. We use GRBs of previously determined spectroscopic redshifts to prove
our method, while also introducing new near infrared data of GRB 990510 which
further constrains the value of the host extinction. Our method is effective in
estimating the photometric redshift of GRBs, relatively unbiased by assumptions
of the afterglow spectral index or the host galaxy extinction. Monte Carlo
error analysis is required as the method of error estimate based on the optimum
population of the genetic algorithm underestimates errors significantly.Comment: Accepted to A&A: 8 pages, 5 figure
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