Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)

Determinants of Graduates’ Start-ups Creation across a Multicampus Entrepreneurial University: The Case of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

Individual and organizational entrepreneurial activity varies across regions/countries. Universities have increasingly become knowledge-intensive environments that support entrepreneurship. Extant studies demonstrate the need to explore graduate start-ups using different levels of analysis an across economies. This paper explores individual and university determinants of graduates' start-ups creation from a multi-campus entrepreneurial university in a transition economy. A proposed model was tested with 11,569 graduates from 30 campuses across 21 Mexican cities. Results show that specific individual determinants are the most relevant determinant of graduate entrepreneurship as well as that some university mechanisms (incubators and research parks) have limited impact on graduates' entrepreneurship

Antecedents and consequences of entrepreneurial universities: an eclectic model for emerging economies

En el contexto de la nueva economía emprendedora, el factor predominante de producción y fuente principal de competitividad es el capital del conocimiento que junto el capital emprendedor, representan la capacidad fundamental para identificar oportunidades y generar valor añadido a través de la actividad emprendedora y de la innovación. Dado que el conocimiento se crea y se transfiere básicamente en las universidades, tanto los gobiernos como la sociedad en general viene proponiendo en los últimos años modelos alternativos donde dichas universidades contribuyan en mayor medida al desarrollo regional a través del capital emprendedor y la promoción de actividades emprendedoras. La presente investigación avanza en la comprensión de los antecedentes (factores internos y del entorno) y de las consecuencias (decisión de crear una empresa por parte de los estudiantes y graduados) en el contexto de las universidades emprendedoras en economías emergentes. El estudio se fundamenta en una extensa revisión de la literatura que propone un modelo ecléctico integrando los aspectos básicos de la teoría económica institucional, la teoría de recursos y capacidades, la teoría del comportamiento planificado, la teoría social cognitiva, la teoría del crecimiento endógeno y la teoría de la difusión de conocimientos (Capítulo 2). En referencia a los antecedentes, a la luz de la teoría institucional y la teoría de recursos y capacidades, en los capítulos 3 y 4 se analizan los factores internos y externos que condicionan la creación y desarrollo de las universidades emprendedoras. En cuanto a las consecuencias, el capítulo 5 se centra en el estudio de los factores que condicionan el comportamiento emprendedor de los estudiantes, según la teoría del comportamiento planificado y la teoría social cognitiva. Como resultado y adoptando la teoría del crecimiento endógeno y la teoría de la difusión del conocimiento, en el capítulo 6 se estudia el impacto socio-económico de las decisiones emprendedoras por parte de los estudiantes universitarios. Debido a la dificultad en la obtención de datos, el modelo ecléctico considerado en la presente tesis doctoral se contrastó en tres universidades (multi-campus) emprendedoras latinoamericanas, ubicadas en México. Los resultados del estudio confirman la relevancia, directa de los factores internos y del entorno en las decisiones emprendedoras de los estudiantes y graduados universitarios. En base a los mismos, varias implicaciones se desprenden, tanto para la comunidad universitaria, como para los gestores universitarios y sociedad en general.In the new entrepreneurial economy model, the dominant production factor and prime source of competitive advantage is knowledge capital that complemented by entrepreneurship capital represent the capacity to identify opportunities and create value through innovation and entrepreneurship. As knowledge is generated and transferred by universities, both governments and communities are demanding new models where universities contribute to regional development through the generation of entrepreneurial capital and the facilitation of entrepreneurial activities. This research provides a better understanding about the antecedents (internal and environmental factors) and consequences (students’ start-ups creation and graduates’ career decisions) of entrepreneurial universities’ activities in emerging economies. To achieve this aim, based on an extended literature review, an eclectic model was proposed integrating the main fundaments of Institutional Economics, Resource-Based View, Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, Endogenous Growth Theory, and Knowledge Spillover Theory (Chapter 2). Regarding the antecedents, based on the Institutional Economics and Resource-Based View, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 analyze environmental and internal factors that could condition the development of entrepreneurial universities’ activities. Concerning the consequences, Chapter 5 focuses on how those factors influence the entrepreneurial behaviors or actions of their students (outcomes) in light of Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. As a result, adopting the Endogenous Growth Theory and Knowledge Spillover Theory, Chapter 6 also considers the socioeconomic impacts of those outcomes on graduates’ career decisions. Given the difficulties to obtain relevant data, the eclectic model was tested in three Latin American entrepreneurial universities, and the majority of the analysis was particularly based on information from a multi-campus, entrepreneurial university located in Mexico. Our findings confirm the relevant, direct and indirect, influence of certain internal and environmental factors on students’ start-ups and graduates’ career decisions. From these results, several implications emerged for university stakeholders (policy makers, university managers, society)

Determinants of Graduates' Start-Ups Creation across a Multi-Campus Entrepreneurial University: The Case of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

Individual and organizational entrepreneurial activity varies across regions/countries. Universities have increasingly become knowledge-intensive environments that support entrepreneurship. Extant studies demonstrate the need to explore graduate start-ups using different levels of analysis an across economies. This paper explores individual and university determinants of graduates' start-ups creation from a multi-campus entrepreneurial university in a transition economy. A proposed model was tested with 11,569 graduates from 30 campuses across 21 Mexican cities. Results show that specific individual determinants are the most relevant determinant of graduate entrepreneurship as well as that some university mechanisms (incubators and research parks) have limited impact on graduates' entrepreneurship. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Small Business Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Council for Small Busines

Antecedents and consequences of entrepreneurial universities : an eclectic model for emerging economies /

En el contexto de la nueva economía emprendedora, el factor predominante de producción y fuente principal de competitividad es el capital del conocimiento que junto el capital emprendedor, representan la capacidad fundamental para identificar oportunidades y generar valor añadido a través de la actividad emprendedora y de la innovación. Dado que el conocimiento se crea y se transfiere básicamente en las universidades, tanto los gobiernos como la sociedad en general viene proponiendo en los últimos años modelos alternativos donde dichas universidades contribuyan en mayor medida al desarrollo regional a través del capital emprendedor y la promoción de actividades emprendedoras. La presente investigación avanza en la comprensión de los antecedentes (factores internos y del entorno) y de las consecuencias (decisión de crear una empresa por parte de los estudiantes y graduados) en el contexto de las universidades emprendedoras en economías emergentes. El estudio se fundamenta en una extensa revisión de la literatura que propone un modelo ecléctico integrando los aspectos básicos de la teoría económica institucional, la teoría de recursos y capacidades, la teoría del comportamiento planificado, la teoría social cognitiva, la teoría del crecimiento endógeno y la teoría de la difusión de conocimientos (Capítulo 2). En referencia a los antecedentes, a la luz de la teoría institucional y la teoría de recursos y capacidades, en los capítulos 3 y 4 se analizan los factores internos y externos que condicionan la creación y desarrollo de las universidades emprendedoras. En cuanto a las consecuencias, el capítulo 5 se centra en el estudio de los factores que condicionan el comportamiento emprendedor de los estudiantes, según la teoría del comportamiento planificado y la teoría social cognitiva. Como resultado y adoptando la teoría del crecimiento endógeno y la teoría de la difusión del conocimiento, en el capítulo 6 se estudia el impacto socio-económico de las decisiones emprendedoras por parte de los estudiantes universitarios. Debido a la dificultad en la obtención de datos, el modelo ecléctico considerado en la presente tesis doctoral se contrastó en tres universidades (multi-campus) emprendedoras latinoamericanas, ubicadas en México. Los resultados del estudio confirman la relevancia, directa de los factores internos y del entorno en las decisiones emprendedoras de los estudiantes y graduados universitarios. En base a los mismos, varias implicaciones se desprenden, tanto para la comunidad universitaria, como para los gestores universitarios y sociedad en general.In the new entrepreneurial economy model, the dominant production factor and prime source of competitive advantage is knowledge capital that complemented by entrepreneurship capital represent the capacity to identify opportunities and create value through innovation and entrepreneurship. As knowledge is generated and transferred by universities, both governments and communities are demanding new models where universities contribute to regional development through the generation of entrepreneurial capital and the facilitation of entrepreneurial activities. This research provides a better understanding about the antecedents (internal and environmental factors) and consequences (students' start-ups creation and graduates' career decisions) of entrepreneurial universities' activities in emerging economies. To achieve this aim, based on an extended literature review, an eclectic model was proposed integrating the main fundaments of Institutional Economics, Resource-Based View, Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, Endogenous Growth Theory, and Knowledge Spillover Theory (Chapter 2). Regarding the antecedents, based on the Institutional Economics and Resource-Based View, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 analyze environmental and internal factors that could condition the development of entrepreneurial universities' activities. Concerning the consequences, Chapter 5 focuses on how those factors influence the entrepreneurial behaviors or actions of their students (outcomes) in light of Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. As a result, adopting the Endogenous Growth Theory and Knowledge Spillover Theory, Chapter 6 also considers the socioeconomic impacts of those outcomes on graduates' career decisions. Given the difficulties to obtain relevant data, the eclectic model was tested in three Latin American entrepreneurial universities, and the majority of the analysis was particularly based on information from a multi-campus, entrepreneurial university located in Mexico. Our findings confirm the relevant, direct and indirect, influence of certain internal and environmental factors on students' start-ups and graduates' career decisions. From these results, several implications emerged for university stakeholders (policy makers, university managers, society)