Struktūra ir istorija

A. J. Greimas, a noted semanticist, investigates in his paper the possibility of applying structural principles to the description of history, generalizes and critically evaluates current structuralist tendencies to link structure with history. The definition of the relation between structure and history, in A. J. Greimas’ view, depends on the answer one gives to these two questions: a) how does historicity or social structures manifest itself; b) how should one define diachronic transformations between structures following one another in time? It is held that social structure possesses a number or combinatorial possibilities, though only a few of them are realized in actual history (e.g., the structure of feudalism has different manifestations such as the French, Japanese or Judean feudalism). Therefore history is closed, for it blocks the way to new meanings existing virtually in the structure on which it depends. It is assumed at the same time that the originality of diachronic transformations consists in their irreversible character. If a definite type of correlations could be determined allowing us to state that in case of two structures s1 and s2 and their correlation R, structure s2 can be a transform of structure s1 and not vice versa, then the problem of diachrnnic transformations could be solved. But such rules are not known yet.Publikuojamas pirmasis prancūziškojo struktūralizmo straipsnis lietuvių kalba. Straipsnis skirtas struktūrinio metodo taikymui istorijoje aptarti. Nagrinėjami istorijos ir permanentiškumo, trukmės ir hierarchijos, sinchronijos ir diachronijos, struktūrų istorizacijos, struktūrų ir uzusų, struktūrų transformacijos ir kiti klausimai. Teigiama, kad santykį tarp struktūros funkcionavimo ir istorinės erdvės, kurią užpildo struktūra, paaiškina kalbos būsenos sąvoka. Aptariama trukmių ir struktūrų koreliacija. Keliami klausimai, kur slypi socialinių struktūrų istorinis pobūdis ir kaip apibrėžti diachroniškas transformacijas tarp struktūrų, išsidėsčiusių laike viena po kitos. Uzusas apibrėžiamas kaip kalbinės bendruomenės atlikta jos dispozicijoje esančios reikšminės struktūros utilizacija. Uzusus apsprendžiantis statiškų struktūrų aprašymas yra logiškai pirmesnis, negu sukcesyvių struktūrinių būsenų lyginimo procedūros. Daroma išvada, kad istorijos negalima pajungti socialinių mokslų metodologijai, jeigu istorijos mokslas nepradės traktuoti struktūros kaip vienos svarbiausių savo sąvokų

Acerca do jogo

Este trabalho propõe uma breve análise do uso da analogia do jogo de xadrez nas ciências da linguagem (F. de Saussure, L. Hjelmslev, L. Wittengstein). Após algumas considerações sobre a natureza do jogo e sua compreensão como situação de interação entre dois sujeitos, passa-se, por meio da análise semântica do lexema "jogo", à análise do percurso do sujeito "jogador" e de suas estratégias.This work proposes a brief analysis on the use of the chess garoe analogy in the language sciences (F. de Saussure, L. Hjelroslev, L.Wittengstein). After some considerations on the nature of chess garoe and its understanding as a situation of interaction between two subjects, this paper presents, by the seroantic approach o f the lexeme "garoe", the analysis ofthe narrative process ofthe subject "player" and its strategies

Da nostalgia. Estudo de semântica lexical

À partir de la thèse de Hjelmslev selon laquelle l'écart entre les lexèmes et les énoncés plus longs ne correspond guère à une différence de nature mais plutôt d'étendue relative, le présent essai s'intéresse à la définition de la "nostalgie", telle qu'on la trouve dans les dictionnaires courants de la langue française, pour y examiner les états et les transformations formant le sémantisme de cette passion complexe au sein du domaine culturel en cause. Dans la nostalgie à la française, on observe le dépérissement graduel d'un sujet qui ne peut s'empêcher de se rappeler, tantôt un lieu où il a vécu, tantôt une chose révolue ou encore les deux à la fois - objets de valeur qu'il a perdus à tel ou tel moment du passé mais qui ne cessent de revenir hanter sa conscience présente. Cette brève étude de Greimas, qui illustre par une analyse spécifique les liens profonds du lexical, du narratif et du discursif, fait état des critères descriptifs retenus par la sémiotique des passions dès ses développements pionniers.Lançando mão da ideia, sugerida nos escritos de Hjelmslev, de que entre os lexemas e os enunciados mais longos a diferença é antes de extensão do que de natureza, este artigo focaliza a definição de "nostalgia" nos dicionários usuais do idioma francês, descrevendo os estados e as transformações envolvidas no semantismo dessa paixão complexa, tal como se apresenta em meio às configurações passionais afins, dentro do domínio cultural em questão. Há, na nostalgia "à francesa", o definhamento gradativo de um sujeito que não pode deixar de recordar, por vezes um lugar, por vezes uma coisa, por vezes ambos – objetos de valor que perdeu no passado mas que seguem lhe atormentando a consciência presente. Marco da laboriosa conquista da dimensão tímica da narratividade e baliza reveladora dos vínculos entre o lexical, o narrativo e o discursivo, este breve estudo de Greimas ilustra, por meio de uma análise específica, alguns dos passos trilhados pela semiótica das paixões desde seus primeiros desenvolvimentos.Making use of the idea, suggested in the writings of Hjelmslev, that between lexemes and longer statements the difference is rather one of length than of nature, this article focuses on the definition of "nostalgia" in the usual dictionaries of the French language, describing the states and transformations involved in the semantics of this complex passion, as it features in the midst of related emotional configurations within the cultural domain in question. There is, in nostalgia "à la française," the gradual wasting away of a subject who cannot help but remember, sometimes a place, sometimes a thing, sometimes both - objects of value that he lost in the past but which continue to torment his present state of awareness. A landmark of the laborious conquest of the thymic dimension of narrativity and a beacon revealing the links between the lexical, the narrative and the discursive, this brief study by Greimas illustrates, through a specific analysis, some of the steps taken by the Semiotics of passions since its first developments

Folclore, religião, história

O presente artigo trata das rellexões do autor sobre a importância de se valorizar o estudo do folclore de uma nação. Duas razões principais podem ser consideradas a partir deste estudo científico: entender a história da cultura do povo lituano e reconstituir a sua antiga religião. A partir delas, podem ser estudadas não só suas manifestações abstratas (teologia) como também sua forma figurativa, expressa pela mitologia e pelo ritual (liturgia). Esses estudos conduzem a um entendimento mais profundo das origens da religião do povo lituano. O objetivo dos mitos, segundo Greimas, é fundamentar ideologicamente a criação da instituição política (cidade, nação, dinastia), e isto pode ser comprovado não só na Lituânia, não só na Roma antiga, mas também na Índia e na Irlanda.The present article is about the author's ret1ections on the importance of valuing the study of the folklore of a nation. Two main reasons can be considered starting from this scientific study: to understancl the history of the culture of the Lithuanian people and to reconstitute its old religion. Starting from the religion can be studied not only its abstract manifestations (theology) as well as its figurative form being expressed by the mythology and for the ritual (liturgy). These studies drive to a deeper understanding of the origins of the religion of the Lithuanian people. The objective of the myths according to Greimas isto base ideologically the creation of the political institution (city, nation, dynasty), and this can be proven not only in Lithuania, not only in old Rome, but also in India and in Ireland

Hero or anti-hero?: Narratives of newswork and journalistic identity construction in complex digital megastories

Exploring constructions of journalistic identity in a digital age has been a lively area of scholarship as the field of digital journalism studies has grown (Franklin 2013, 2014; Steensen and Ahva 2015). Yet despite many approaches to understanding digital change, key avenues for understanding changing constructions of identity remain underexplored. This paper addresses a conceptual void in research literature by employing semiotic and semantic approaches to analyse performances of journalistic identity in narratives of newswork facilitated by and focused on digital megaleaks. It seeks to aid understanding of the way narratives describe changing practices of newsgathering, and how journalists position themselves within these hybrid traditional/digital stories. Findings show news narratives reinforce the primacy of journalists within traditional boundaries of a journalistic field, and articulate a preferred imagination of journalistic identity. Methodologically, this paper shows how semantic and semiotic approaches lend themselves to studying narratives of newswork within journalistic metadiscourses to understand journalistic identity at the nexus of traditional and digital dynamics. The resultant portrait of journalistic identity channels a sociohistoric, romantic notion of the journalist as “the shadowy figure always to be found on the edges of the century’s great events” (Inglis 2002, xi), updated to accommodate modern, digital dynamics

Rhetorical Transformations in Multimodal Advertising Texts: From General to Local Degree Zero

The use of rhetoric in advertising research has been steadily gaining momentum since the 1980’s. Coupled with an increased interest in multimodality and the multiple interactions among verbal, pictorial and auditory registers, as structural components of an ad filmic text, the hermeneutic tools furnished by traditional rhetoric have been expanded and elaborated. This paper addresses the fundamental question of how ad filmic texts assume signification from a multimodal rhetorical point of view, by engaging in a fruitful dialogue with various research streams within the wider semiotic discipline and consumer research. By critically addressing the context of analysis of a multimodal ad text in the course of the argumentation deployed by different approaches, such as Social Semiotics (Kress/Leeuwen 2001), Film Semiotics (i.e. Metz 1982, Carroll 1980, Branigan 1982), Visual Semiotics (i.e. Sonesson 2008; 2010, Eco 1972;1976;1986, Groupe " 1992), Consumer Research (i.e. Mick/McQuarrie 1999; 2004, Philips 2003, Scott 1994), the relative merits of a structuralist approach that prioritizes the distinction between local and general degree zero, as put forward by Groupe " (1992), are highlighted. Furthermore, the modes whereby rhetorical transformations are enacted are outlined, with view to deepening the conceptual tackling of degree zero of signification, while addressing its applicability to branding discourse and multimodal ad texts

Histoire et Linguistique

Greimas A. J. Histoire et Linguistique. In: Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 13ᵉ année, N. 1, 1958. pp. 110-114