755 research outputs found
High-energy neutrino telescopes
Recent results from high-energy cosmic ray and gamma detectors indicate the occurrence of hadron acceleration in cosmic sources and possible production of very-high-energy gamma-rays and neutrinos through h-γ or h-h interactions.
Underwater and under-ice neutrino telescopes are discovery apparatuses aiming at the detection of high-energy (> TeV) astrophysical neutrinos. The operation of the Baikal, AMANDA, ANTARES and NEMO demonstrators, validated the
ˇCerenkov technique as preferred solution for the construction of larger HE neutrino telescopes: IceCube, operational at the South Pole, and KM3NeT, that will be built in the Mediterranean Sea. Several R&D activities are also conducted to develop complementary experimental techniques, based on the detection of coherent acoustic
(tens of kHz) or e.m. (GHz) radiation, induced by ultra-high-energy neutrino interaction in deep sea or ice
Ceftaroline Fosamil for Treatment of Pediatric Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)/community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI)/acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) represent major causes of morbidity and mortality in children. β-Lactams are the cornerstone of antibiotic treatment for many serious bacterial infections in children; however, most of these agents have no activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ceftaroline fosamil, a β-lactam with broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Gram-positive pathogens (including MRSA and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae) and common Gram-negative organisms, is approved in the European Union and the United States for children with CAP/CABP or cSSTI/ABSSSI. Ceftaroline fosamil has completed a pediatric investigation plan including safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic evaluations in patients with ages ranging from birth to 17 years. It has demonstrated similar clinical and microbiological efficacy to best available existing treatments in phase III–IV trials in patients aged ≥ 2 months to < 18 years with CABP or ABSSSI, with a safety profile consistent with the cephalosporin class. It is also approved in the European Union for neonates with CAP or cSSTI, and in the US for neonates with ABSSSI. Ceftaroline fosamil dosing for children (including renal function adjustments) is supported by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulations in appropriate age groups, and includes the option of 5- to 60-min intravenous infusions for standard doses, and a high dose for cSSTI patients with MRSA isolates, with a ceftaroline minimum inhibitory concentration of 2–4 mg/L. Considered together, these data suggest ceftaroline fosamil may be beneficial in the management of CAP/CABP and cSSTI/ABSSSI in children
NetFPGA Hardware Modules for Input, Output and EWMA Bit-Rate Computation
NetFPGA is a hardware board that it is becoming increasingly popular in various research
areas. It is a hardware customizable router and it can be used to study, implement and test
new protocols and techniques directly in hardware. It allows researchers to experience a
more real experiment environment. In this paper we present a work about the design and
development of four new modules built on top of the NetFPGA Reference Router design. In
particular, they compute the input and output bit rate run time and provide an estimation
of the input bit rate based on an EWMA filter. Moreover we extended the rate limiter
module which is embedded within the output queues in order to test our improved Reference
Router. Along the paper we explain in detail each module as far as the architecture and the
implementation are concerned. Furthermore, we created a testing environment which show
the effectiveness and effciency of our module
Short Term and Long Term Bioacoustic Monitoring of the Marine Environment. Results from NEMO ONDE Experiment and Way Ahead.
The INFN NEMO-OνDE (Ocean Noise Detection Experiment) station, deployed on the seafloor at 2000 m depth 25 km offshore Catania (Sicily, Italy) in year 2005, was designed to continuously transmit broad-band acoustic data through optical cables to the INFN lab located in the port of Catania. It was operational until November 2006, when it was replaced by other experimental equipment. During the operational period, 5 minutes of recording (4 hydrophones, 45 kHz bandwidth, 96 kHz sampling rate at 24 bits resolution) were taken every hour. The experiment provided long-term data on the underwater noise and an unique opportunity to study the acoustic emissions of marine mammals living in, or transiting through the area east of Sicily. The recordings revealed a more frequent and consistent presence of sperm whales than previously believed
NEMO-SN1 (Western Ionian Sea, off Eastern Sicily): A Cabled Abyssal Observatory with Tsunami Early Warning Capability
The NEMO-SN1 (NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory - Submarine
Network 1) seafloor observatory is located in the central
Mediterranean, Western Ionian Sea, off Eastern Sicily Island (Southern
Italy) at 2100 m water depth, 25 km from the harbour of the city of
Catania. It is a prototype of cabled deep-sea multiparameter
observatory, and the first operating with real-time data transmission in
Europe since 2005. NEMO-SN1 is also the first-established node of
EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory,
http://emso-eu.org), one of the European large-scale research
infrastructures. EMSO will address long-term monitoring of
environmental processes related to marine ecosystems, climate change
and geo-hazards. NEMO-SN1 will perform geophysical and
environmental long-term monitoring by acquiring seismological,
geomagnetic, gravimetric, accelerometric, physico-oceanographic,
hydro-acoustic, bio-acoustic measurements to study earthquake and
tsunami generation, and to characterize ambient noise which includes
marine mammal sounds, and environmental and anthropogenic sources.
NEMO-SN1 is also equipped with a prototype tsunami detector, based
on the simultaneous measurement of the seismic and bottom pressure
signals and a new high performance tsunami detection algorithm.
NEMO-SN1 will be a permanent tsunami early warning node in
Western Ionian Sea, an area where very destructive earthquakes have
occurred in the past, some of them tsunamigenic (e.g., 1693, M=7.5;
1908, M=7.4).
Another important feature of NEMO-SN1 is the installation of a low
frequency-high sensibility hydrophone and two (scalar and vector,
respectively) magnetometers. The objective is to improve the tsunami
detection capability of SN1 through the recognition of tsunami-induced
hydro-acoustic and electro-magnetic precursors.SubmittedRhodes, Greece3A. Ambiente Marinorestricte
Acoustic positioning system for KM3NeT
[EN] KM3NeT is the next generation neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea employing the technique
of Cherenkov photon detection. The Acoustic Positioning System (APS) is a mandatory
sub-system of KM3NeT that must provide the position of the telescope¿s mechanical structures,
in a geo-referenced coordinate system. The APS is important for a safe and accurate deployment
of the mechanical structures and, for the sake of science, for precise reconstruction of neutrinoinduced
events. The KM3NeT APS is composed of three main sub-systems: 1) an array of acoustic
receivers rigidly connected to the telescope mechanical structures; 2) a Long Base-Line (LBL)
of acoustic transmitters (beacons) and receivers, anchored on the seabed at known positions; 3)
a farm of PCs for the acoustic data analysis, on-shore. On shore, the positions of the acoustic
receivers are calculated by measuring the ToF (Time Of Flight) of the LBL beacons¿ signals on
the acoustic receivers, thus determining, via multi-lateration, the position of the acoustic receivers
with respect to the geo-referenced LBL. The synchronized and syntonized electronics and the data
transmission/acquisition allows for calculating the latencies of the whole data acquisition chain
with an accuracy of better than 100 ns. The APS, in combination with compass and tilt, pressure,
current and sound velocity data, is expected to measure the positions of the digital optical modules
in the deep sea with an accuracy of about 10 cm. Since data are continuously transmitted
to shore and distributed to the local data acquisition network at the shore station, acoustic data
are available also for Earth and Sea science users. The KM3NeT APS is also an excellent tool to
study the feasibility of an acoustic neutrino detector and a possible correlation between acoustic
and optical signals.S18116
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