151 research outputs found
ATLAS-3 correlative measurement opportunities with UARS and surface observations
The third ATmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-3) mission was flown aboard the Space Shuttle launched on November 3, 1994. The mission length was approximately 10 days and 22 hours. The ATLAS-3 Earth-viewing instruments provided a large number of measurements which were nearly coincident with observations from experiments on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Based on ATLAS-3 instrument operating schedules, simulations were performed to determine when and where correlative measurements occurred between ATLAS and UARS instruments, and between ATLAS and surface observations. Results of these orbital and instrument simulations provide valuable information for scientists to compare measurements between various instruments on the two satellites and at selected surface sites
Comparison of Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Synthesized by Conventional Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization
We compared the influence of the polymerization mechanism onto the physical
characteristics of thermoresponsive hydrogels. The Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)
hydrogels were successfully synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer
(RAFT) and free radical polymerization (FRP). The gels were prepared while using different crosslinker
feed and monomer concentration. The swelling, dye release, and hydrolytic stability of the gels
were investigated in water, or in representative komostrope and chaotrope salt solutions at room
temperature and at 37 ◦C. It was found that the swelling ratio (SR) of the RAFT gels was significantly
higher than that of the FRP gels; however, an increased crosslinking density resulted in a decrease of
the SR of the RAFT gels as compared to the corresponding gels that are made by FRP, which indicates
the limitation of the cross-linking efficiency that is attained in RAFT polymerization. Additionally,
an increased monomer concentration decreased the SR of the RAFT gels, whereas a similar SR was
observed for the FRP gels. However, the SR of both RAFT and FRP gels in NaSCN and Na2SO4
solutions were similar. Finally, the rate of dye release was significantly slower from the RAFT gels
than the FRP gels and the hydrolytic stability of the RAFT gels was lower than that of FRP gels in
water, but maintained similar stability in Na2SO4 and NaSCN solutions
Solitary coherent structures in viscoelastic shear flow: computation and mechanism
Starting from stationary bifurcations in Couette-Dean flow, we compute
nontrivial stationary solutions in inertialess viscoelastic circular Couette
flow. These solutions are strongly localized vortex pairs, exist at arbitrarily
large wavelengths, and show hysteresis in the Weissenberg number, similar to
experimentally observed ``diwhirl'' patterns. Based on the computed velocity
and stress fields, we elucidate a heuristic, fully nonlinear mechanism for
these flows. We propose that these localized, fully nonlinear structures
comprise fundamental building blocks for complex spatiotemporal dynamics in the
flow of elastic liquids.Comment: 5 pages text and 4 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Letter
BeppoSAX and multiwavelength observations of BL Lacertae in 2000
We present two BeppoSAX observations of BL Lac (2200+420) as part of a
multiwavelength campaign performed in 2000. The source was in different states
of activity: in June, the X-ray spectrum was faint and hard (alpha sim 0.8),
with positive residuals towards low energies. In October we detected the
highest [2-10] keV flux ever measured for the source. During this observation,
the spectrum was soft (alpha sim 1.56) up to 10 keV, while above this energy a
hard component was dominating. The BeppoSAX data are confirmed by simultaneous
RXTE short observations. During the first observation the soft X-ray flux was
variable on timescales of a few hours, while the hard X-ray flux was almost
constant. During the second observation, instead, the soft spectrum displayed
an erratic behaviour with large variations (up to factors 3-4) on timescales
smaller than 2 hrs. The analysis of the multiwavelength SED of October
evidenced an intriguing feature: the optical and X-ray sections of the SED are
misaligned, while in the prevailing standard picture, they are both thought to
be produced via synchrotron emission. We suggested four scenarios to account
for this discrepancy: a higher than galactic dust-to-gas ratio towards the
source, the first detection of bulk Compton emission in the X-ray band, the
presence of two synchrotron emitting regions located at different distances
from the nucleus, the detection of a Klein-Nishina effect on the synchrotron
spectrum. We evidenced the favorable and critical points of each scenario, but,
at present, we cannot discriminate between them.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, accepted by A&
WEBT multiwavelength monitoring and XMM-Newton observations of BL Lacertae in 2007-2008. Unveiling different emission components
In 2007-2008 we carried out a new multiwavelength campaign of the Whole Earth
Blazar Telescope (WEBT) on BL Lacertae, involving three pointings by the
XMM-Newton satellite, to study its emission properties. The source was
monitored in the optical-to-radio bands by 37 telescopes. The brightness level
was relatively low. Some episodes of very fast variability were detected in the
optical bands. The X-ray spectra are well fitted by a power law with photon
index of about 2 and photoelectric absorption exceeding the Galactic value.
However, when taking into account the presence of a molecular cloud on the line
of sight, the data are best fitted by a double power law, implying a concave
X-ray spectrum. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) built with
simultaneous radio-to-X-ray data at the epochs of the XMM-Newton observations
suggest that the peak of the synchrotron emission lies in the near-IR band, and
show a prominent UV excess, besides a slight soft-X-ray excess. A comparison
with the SEDs corresponding to previous observations with X-ray satellites
shows that the X-ray spectrum is extremely variable. We ascribe the UV excess
to thermal emission from the accretion disc, and the other broad-band spectral
features to the presence of two synchrotron components, with their related SSC
emission. We fit the thermal emission with a black body law and the non-thermal
components by means of a helical jet model. The fit indicates a disc
temperature greater than 20000 K and a luminosity greater than 6 x 10^44 erg/s.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Structure and flux variability in the VLBI jet of BL Lacertae during the WEBT campaigns (1995--2004)
BL Lacertae has been the target of several observing campaigns by the Whole
Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration and is one of the best studied
blazars at all accessible wavelengths. A recent analysis of the optical and
radio variability indicates that part of the radio variability is correlated
with the optical light curve. Here we present an analysis of a huge VLBI data
set including 108 images at 15, 22, and 43 GHz obtained between 1995 and 2004.
The aim of this study is to identify the different components contributing to
the single-dish radio light curves. We obtain separate radio light curves for
the VLBI core and jet and show that the radio spectral index of single-dish
observations can be used to trace the core variability. Cross-correlation of
the radio spectral index with the optical light curve indicates that the
optical variations lead the radio by about 100 days at 15 GHz. By fitting the
radio time lags vs. frequency, we find that the power law is steeper than
expected for a freely expanding conical jet in equipartition with energy
density decreasing as the square of the distance down the jet as in the
K\"onigl model. There is a section of the compact radio jet where the emission
is weak such that flares propagating down the jet are bright first in the core
region with a secondary increase in flux about 1.0 mas from the core. This
illustrates the importance of direct imaging to the interpretation of
multi-wavelength light curves that can be affected by several distinct
components at any given time. We discuss how the complex behaviour of the light
curves and correlations can be understood within the framework of a precessing
helical jet model.Comment: 13(+5) pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A, replaced
because of layout problem
Results from the Fourth WMO Filter Radiometer Comparison for aerosol optical depth measurements
This study presents the results of the Fourth Filter Radiometer Comparison that was held in Davos, Switzerland, between 28 September and 16 October 2015. Thirty filter radiometers and spectroradiometers from 12 countries participated including reference instruments from global aerosol networks. The absolute differences of all instruments compared to the reference have been based on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) criterion defined as follows: 95% of the measured data has to be within 0.005±0.001∕m (where m is the air mass). At least 24 out of 29 instruments achieved this goal at both 500 and 865nm, while 12 out of 17 and 13 out of 21 achieved this at 368 and 412nm, respectively. While searching for sources of differences among different instruments, it was found that all individual differences linked to Rayleigh, NO2, ozone, water vapor calculations and related optical depths and air mass calculations were smaller than 0.01 in aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 and 865nm. Different cloud-detecting algorithms used have been compared. Ångström exponent calculations showed relatively large differences among different instruments, partly because of the high calculation uncertainty of this parameter in low AOD conditions. The overall low deviations of these AOD results and the high accuracy of reference aerosol network instruments demonstrated a promising framework to achieve homogeneity, compatibility and harmonization among the different spectral AOD networks in the near future
Flow-to-fracture transition and pattern formation in a discontinuous shear thickening fluid
Recent theoretical and experimental work suggests a frictionless-frictional transition with increasing inter-particle pressure explains the extreme solid-like response of discontinuous shear thickening suspensions. However, analysis of macroscopic discontinuous shear thickening flow in geometries other than the standard rheometry tools remain scarce. Here we use a Hele-Shaw cell geometry to visualise gas-driven invasion patterns in discontinuous shear thickening cornstarch suspensions. We plot quantitative results from pattern analysis in a volume fraction-pressure phase diagram and explain them in context of rheological measurements. We observe three distinct pattern morphologies: viscous fingering, dendritic fracturing, and system-wide fracturing, which correspond to the same packing fraction ranges as weak shear thickening, discontinuous shear thickening, and shear-jammed regimes
Chemical analysis of carbon stars in the Local Group: I. The Small Magellanic Cloud and the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy
We present the first results of our ongoing chemical study of carbon stars in
the Local Group of galaxies. We used spectra obtained with UVES at the 8.2 m
Kueyen-VLT telescope and a new grid of spherical model atmospheres for cool
carbon-rich stars which include polyatomic opacities, to perform a full
chemical analysis of one carbon star, BMB-B~30, in the Small Magellanic Cloud
(SMC) and two, IGI95-C1 and IGI95-C3, in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal (Sgr
dSph) galaxy. Our main goal is to test the dependence on the stellar
metallicity of the s-process nucleosynthesis and mixing mechanism occurring in
AGB stars. For these three stars, we find important s-element enhancements with
respect to the mean metallicity ([M/H]), namely [s/M]+1.0, similar to
the figure found in galactic AGB stars of similar metallicity. The abundance
ratios derived between elements belonging to the first and second s-process
abundance peaks, corresponding to nuclei with a magic number of neutrons N=50
(88Sr, 89Y, 90Zr) and N=82 (138Ba, 139La, 140Ce, 141Pr), agree remarkably well
with the theoretical predictions of low mass (M ~M) metal-poor AGB
nucleosynthesis models where the main source of neutrons is the
CO reaction activated duringthe long interpulse phase,
in a small pocket located within the He-rich intershell. The derived C/O and
C/C ratios are, however, more difficult to reconcile with
theoretical expectations. Possible explanations, like the extrinsic origin of
the composition of these carbon stars or the operation of a non-standard mixing
process during the AGB phase (such as the {\it cool bottom process}), are
discussed on the basis of the collected observational constraints
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