Određivanje dužine korijenskog kanala: procjena CDR® intraoralnog radiografskog sustava in vivo

The Computed Dental Radiolography System® (CDR: Schick Technologies, Long Island City, NY) is a CCD-based digital intraoral radiographic device which possesses a measurement software algorithm that can be adjusted with respect to an object of known dimension. This “calibration ” algorithm was compared to the CDR® preset mode and analog film using 30 root canals in vivo. The three measurement methods differed significantly from each other for 40% o f the canals sampled. Two o f the three differed significantly for 50% o f canals. No difference existed between the methods for 10% o f the canals. Estimates of tooth length using the calibrated mode differed from those obtained using a conventional radiographic technique by an average o f 1.2 mm, while those using the calibrated mode differed by 1.9 mm. The 1.2 mm average for the calibrated CDR® was judged to be an acceptable degree o f clinical error for most root canal procedures and indicates that the calibration function of the CDR® system should be used when measuring endodontic working lengths. The results demonstrated that calibration to a 15 mm probe when using the Schick CDR® system is more consistent with a comparable measurement, if film is used as the “gold standard”, than are measurements of the tooth length using the CDR® without calibration.Sustav "Kompjuterizirane dentalne radiografije" (CDR: Schick Technologies. Long Island City. NY) je na CDD-u zasnovan uređaj za digitalnu intraoralnu radio grafiju koji posjeduje "Software-ski algoritam" za mjerenja koji se može prilagoditi prema objektu poznate veličine. Ovaj "kalibracijski" algoritam uspoređen je sa sustavom CDR (kompjutorizirane dentalne radiografije) bez mjernog algoritma i analognim filmom rabeći 30 korijenskih kanala in vivo. Tri postupka mjerenja značajno su se razlikovali u 40% mjerenih korijenskih kanala. Dva od tri postupka razlikovala su se u 50% mjerenih kanala. Nikakve razlike između postupaka nije bilo u 10% mjerenih korijenskih kanala. Procjena duljine zuba korištenjem kalibriranog načina razlikovala se od procjene dobivene konvencionalnom (analognom) radio grafskom tehnikom za otprilike 1,2 mm, dok se od digitalnog sustava bez mjernog algoritma razlikovala za prosječno 1,9 mm. Razlika od 1,2 mm za "kalibrirani CDR" se procjenjuje kao prihvatljiva klinička greška za većinu endodontskih postupaka i ukazuje da bi se "kalibracijski sustav CDRa" trebao rabiti pri mjerenju radne duljine korijenskog kanala. Rezultati ukazuju da je kalibracija sonde do 15 mm kad se rabi Schch-ov CDR sustav postojanija s usporednim mjerenjem ako se film koji se mjeri uzme kao "zlatni standard", nego je mjerenje duljine CDR sustavom bez kalibracije

The orbits of the quadruple star system 88 Tau A from PHASES differential astrometry and radial velocity

We have used high precision differential astrometry from the Palomar High-precision Astrometric Search for Exoplanet Systems (PHASES) project and radial velocity measurements covering a time-span of 20 years to determine the orbital parameters of the 88 Tau A system. 88 Tau is a complex hierarchical multiple system comprising a total of six stars; we have studied the brightest 4, consisting of two short-period pairs orbiting each other with an 18-year period. We present the first orbital solution for one of the short-period pairs, and determine the masses of the components and distance to the system to the level of a few percent. In addition, our astrometric measurements allow us to make the first determination of the mutual inclinations of the orbits. We find that the sub-systems are not coplanar.Comment: Corrected Author Ordering; 12 Pages, Accepted for publication in Ap

In vivo Accuracy of CCD-based Radiography for the Estimation of Periapical Lesion Dimensions

Ciljevi: Ova je klinička studija provedena da bi se usporedile točnosti procjena stomatologa o dimenzijama periapikalnih prosvjetljenja temeljenih na primjeni elektroničkoga slikanja uporabom sustava za intraoralnu radiografiju tipa RVG® 32000, te filma tipa Ektaspeed. Metode: Držeći se dozvole Nadzornoga tijela Institucije i informacija o uvjetima, napravljene su bile predoperacijske slike periapikalnih oštećenja 12 redom pridošlih pacijenata kojima je bio potreban kirurški zahvat. Slike su napravljene na oba načina: sustavom RVG® 32000, i filmom Ektaspeed. Stvarna veličina oštećenja bila je ustanovljena izradom otisaka od koštanoga voska tipa Ethicon®, tijekom same operacije. Skupina od pet stomatologa postigla je konsenzus u procjeni superiornih - inferiornih i mezio-distalnih dimenzija periapikalnih prosvjetljenja ustanovljenih iz predoperacijskih slika, odvojeno i neovisno za dva modaliteta. Rezultati: Procjene dimenzija oštećenja izrađene sustavom RVG® 32000 i filmom Ektaspeed znatno su se među se razlikovale. Odstupanje od stvarnih izmjerenih vrijednosti bilo je znatno veće za procjene temeljene na filmskim radio grafijama od odstupanja procjena na temelju slika sustava RVG® 32000. Općenito uzevši, dimenzije oštećenja bile su na osnovi filmskih slika precijenjene, a malo podcijenjene na osnovi slika snimljenih sustavom RVG® 32000. Zaključci: Digitalno intraoralno slikanje sustavom RVG® 32000 daje moguće prednosti pred konvencionalnom radiografijom time što stomatolozima omogućuje u prosjeku točnije procjene veličina periapikalnih prosvjetljenja.Objectives: This clinical study was performed to compare the accuracy of endodontists ’ assessment o f the sizes o f periapical radiolucencies using electronic imaging with the RVG® 32000 intraoral radiographic system and Ektaspeed film. Methods: Following Institutions Review Board approval and informed consent, presurgical images were made both with the RVG® 32000 and Ektaspeed film for periapical lesions in 12 consecutive patients requiring endodontic surgery. Actual lesion size was determined by making impressions with Ethicon® bone wax at the time of surgery. A panel o f five endodontists reached consensus in estimation of the superior- inferior and mesio-distal dimensions of the periapical radiolucencies from the presurgical images, separately and independently for two modalities. Results: Lesion dimension estimates were significantly different between images made with the RVG® 32000 Ektaspeed film. There was a much greater deviation from the measured actual values for estimates using film radiographs than for those for the RVG® 32000 images. Generally, there was an over-estimation o f lesion size with film, and a slight under-estimation with RVG® 32000 images. Conclusions: Digital intraoral imaging with the RVG® 32000 offers potential advantages over conventional radiography in permitting endodontists on average to more accurately estimate the size of periapical radiolucencies

Određivanje dužine korijenskog kanala: procjena CDR® intraoralnog radiografskog sustava in vivo

The Computed Dental Radiolography System® (CDR: Schick Technologies, Long Island City, NY) is a CCD-based digital intraoral radiographic device which possesses a measurement software algorithm that can be adjusted with respect to an object of known dimension. This “calibration ” algorithm was compared to the CDR® preset mode and analog film using 30 root canals in vivo. The three measurement methods differed significantly from each other for 40% o f the canals sampled. Two o f the three differed significantly for 50% o f canals. No difference existed between the methods for 10% o f the canals. Estimates of tooth length using the calibrated mode differed from those obtained using a conventional radiographic technique by an average o f 1.2 mm, while those using the calibrated mode differed by 1.9 mm. The 1.2 mm average for the calibrated CDR® was judged to be an acceptable degree o f clinical error for most root canal procedures and indicates that the calibration function of the CDR® system should be used when measuring endodontic working lengths. The results demonstrated that calibration to a 15 mm probe when using the Schick CDR® system is more consistent with a comparable measurement, if film is used as the “gold standard”, than are measurements of the tooth length using the CDR® without calibration.Sustav "Kompjuterizirane dentalne radiografije" (CDR: Schick Technologies. Long Island City. NY) je na CDD-u zasnovan uređaj za digitalnu intraoralnu radio grafiju koji posjeduje "Software-ski algoritam" za mjerenja koji se može prilagoditi prema objektu poznate veličine. Ovaj "kalibracijski" algoritam uspoređen je sa sustavom CDR (kompjutorizirane dentalne radiografije) bez mjernog algoritma i analognim filmom rabeći 30 korijenskih kanala in vivo. Tri postupka mjerenja značajno su se razlikovali u 40% mjerenih korijenskih kanala. Dva od tri postupka razlikovala su se u 50% mjerenih kanala. Nikakve razlike između postupaka nije bilo u 10% mjerenih korijenskih kanala. Procjena duljine zuba korištenjem kalibriranog načina razlikovala se od procjene dobivene konvencionalnom (analognom) radio grafskom tehnikom za otprilike 1,2 mm, dok se od digitalnog sustava bez mjernog algoritma razlikovala za prosječno 1,9 mm. Razlika od 1,2 mm za "kalibrirani CDR" se procjenjuje kao prihvatljiva klinička greška za većinu endodontskih postupaka i ukazuje da bi se "kalibracijski sustav CDRa" trebao rabiti pri mjerenju radne duljine korijenskog kanala. Rezultati ukazuju da je kalibracija sonde do 15 mm kad se rabi Schch-ov CDR sustav postojanija s usporednim mjerenjem ako se film koji se mjeri uzme kao "zlatni standard", nego je mjerenje duljine CDR sustavom bez kalibracije

Antibiotics modulate biofilm formation in fish pathogenic isolates of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida

Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida causes furunculosis infections of non‐salmonid fish, which requires antibiotic therapy. However, antibiotics may induce biofilm in some bacteria, which protects them against hostile conditions while allowing them to persist on surfaces, thus forming a reservoir for infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether atypical isolates of A. salmonicida increased biofilm in the presence of two antibiotics, florfenicol and oxytetracycline. A microtitre plate assay was used to quantify biofilm in the presence and absence of each antibiotic. Fifteen of 28 isolates formed biofilms under control conditions, while 23 of 28 isolates increased biofilm formation in the presence of at least one concentration of at least one antibiotic. For oxytetracycline, the most effective concentration causing biofilm to increase was one‐quarter of that preventing visible bacterial growth, whereas for florfenicol it was one‐half of this value. This is the first study to demonstrate that a bacterial pathogen of fish increases biofilm in response to antibiotics. Biofilm formation may increase the risk of re‐infection in culture systems and this lifestyle favours the transmission of genetic material, which has implications for the dissemination of antibiotic‐resistance genes and demonstrates the need for enhanced disease prevention measures against atypical A. salmonicida

Murine models of renal ischemia reperfusion injury: An opportunity for refinement using noninvasive monitoring methods.

BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (R-IRI) can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. To understand the underlying mechanisms, reproducible small-animal models of AKI and CKD are needed. We describe how innovative technologies for measuring kidney function noninvasively in small rodents allow successful refinement of the R-IRI models, and offer the unique opportunity to monitor longitudinally in individual animals the transition from AKI to CKD. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice underwent bilateral renal pedicle clamping (AKI) or unilateral renal pedicle clamping with delayed contralateral nephrectomy (CKD) under isoflurane anesthetic. Transdermal GFR monitoring and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) in combination with statistical analysis were used to identify and standardize variables within these models. RESULTS: Pre-clamping anesthetic time was one of the most important predictors of AKI severity after R-IRI. Standardizing pre-clamping time resulted in a more predictably severe AKI model. In the CKD model, MSOT demonstrated initial improvement in renal function, followed by significant progressive reduction in function between weeks 2 and 4. Performing contralateral nephrectomy on day 14 enabled the development of CKD with minimal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive monitoring of global and individual renal function after R-IRI is feasible and reproducible. These techniques can facilitate refinement of kidney injury models and enable the degree of injury seen in preclinical models to be translated to those seen in the clinical setting. Thus, future therapies can be tested in a clinically relevant, noninvasive manner

Binary-induced magnetic activity? Time-series echelle spectroscopy and photometry of HD123351 = CZ CVn

We present a first and detailed study of the bright and active K0IV-III star HD 123351. The star is found to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 147.8919+-0.0003 days and a large eccentricity of e=0.8086+-0.0001. The rms of the orbital solution is just 47 m/s, making it the most precise orbit ever obtained for an active binary system. The rotation period is constrained from long-term photometry to be 58.32+-0.01 days. It shows that HD 123351 is a very asynchronous rotator, rotating five times slower than the expected pseudo-synchronous value. Two spotted regions persisted throughout the 12 years of our observations. Four years of Halpha, CaII H&K and HeI D3 monitoring identifies the same main periodicity as the photometry but dynamic spectra also indicate that there is an intermittent dependence on the orbital period, in particular for Ca ii H&K in 2008. Line-profile inversions of a pair of Zeeman sensitive/insensitive iron lines yield an average surface magnetic-flux density of 542+-72 G. The time series for 2008 is modulated by the stellar rotation as well as the orbital motion, such that the magnetic flux is generally weaker during times of periastron and that the chromospheric emissions vary in anti-phase with the magnetic flux. We also identify a broad and asymmetric lithium line profile and measure an abundance of log n(Li) = 1.70+-0.05. The star's position in the H-R diagram indicates a mass of 1.2+-0.1 Msun and an age of 6-7 Gyr. We interpret the anti-phase relation of the magnetic flux with the chromospheric emissions as evidence that there are two magnetic fields present at the same time, a localized surface magnetic field associated with spots and a global field that is oriented towards the (low-mass) secondary component

Optimal Duration and Timing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Definitive Surgery for Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas: Ongoing Lessons From the ESPAC-3 Study

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Perception of Relative Depth Interval: Systematic Biases in Perceived Depth

Given an estimate of the binocular disparity between a pair of points and an estimate of the viewing distance, or knowledge of eye position, it should be possible to obtain an estimate of their depth separation. Here we show that, when points are arranged in different vertical geometric configurations across two intervals, many observers find this task difficult. Those who can do the task tend to perceive the depth interval in one configuration as very different from depth in the other configuration. We explore two plausible explanations for this effect. The first is the tilt of the empirical vertical horopter: Points perceived along an apparently vertical line correspond to a physical line of points tilted backwards in space. Second, the eyes can rotate in response to a particular stimulus. Without compensation for this rotation, biases in depth perception would result. We measured cyclovergence indirectly, using a standard psychophysical task, while observers viewed our depth configuration. Biases predicted from error due either to cyclovergence or to the tilted vertical horopter were not consistent with the depth configuration results. Our data suggest that, even for the simplest scenes, we do not have ready access to metric depth from binocular disparity.</jats:p

ATF2 COMMISSIONING

ATF2 is a final-focus test beam line that aims to focus the low-emittance beam from the ATF damping ring to a beam size of about 37 nm, and at the same time to demonstrate nm beam stability, using numerous advanced beam diagnostics and feedback tools. The construction has been finished at the end of 2008 and the beam commissioning of ATF2 has started in December of 2008. ATF2 is constructed and commissioned by ATF international collaborations with strong US, Asian and European participation