Status of the differential transformation method

Further to a recent controversy on whether the differential transformation method (DTM) for solving a differential equation is purely and solely the traditional Taylor series method, it is emphasized that the DTM is currently used, often only, as a technique for (analytically) calculating the power series of the solution (in terms of the initial value parameters). Sometimes, a piecewise analytic continuation process is implemented either in a numerical routine (e.g., within a shooting method) or in a semi-analytical procedure (e.g., to solve a boundary value problem). Emphasized also is the fact that, at the time of its invention, the currently-used basic ingredients of the DTM (that transform a differential equation into a difference equation of same order that is iteratively solvable) were already known for a long time by the "traditional"-Taylor-method users (notably in the elaboration of software packages --numerical routines-- for automatically solving ordinary differential equations). At now, the defenders of the DTM still ignore the, though much better developed, studies of the "traditional"-Taylor-method users who, in turn, seem to ignore similarly the existence of the DTM. The DTM has been given an apparent strong formalization (set on the same footing as the Fourier, Laplace or Mellin transformations). Though often used trivially, it is easily attainable and easily adaptable to different kinds of differentiation procedures. That has made it very attractive. Hence applications to various problems of the Taylor method, and more generally of the power series method (including noninteger powers) has been sketched. It seems that its potential has not been exploited as it could be. After a discussion on the reasons of the "misunderstandings" which have caused the controversy, the preceding topics are concretely illustrated.Comment: To appear in Applied Mathematics and Computation, 29 pages, references and further considerations adde

Variación Morfológica Craneal en Diferentes Poblaciones Humanas en Función del Clima

Trabajo de Fin de Máster en Antropología Física: Evolución y Biodiversidad humanas[EN] Human population vary considerably in terms of their cranial morphology. There has been much debate about the factors that influence such variability. One of them is climate, an environmental factor that drives natural selection. Some cranial regions are believed to be influenced by the environment and play an important role in human evolution. Cranial morphology is often used when considering evolutionary questions. However, when populations are assessed, reliability is often questioned. In this sense, there are different studieson the techniques used and the evaluation of certain parts of the skull that represent variations (Harvati & Weaver, 2006). The evolution of the human skullis a phenomenon based on fuctional and structural influences. Changes in the face, base, and neurocranium are represented as a multiple variation of adaptation and natural selection. 3D geometric morphometry is based on the multivariate geometric analysis of threedimensional models representing anatomical structures. The use of multivariate approaches, rather than caracterising variations in morphological caracteristics using univariate or bivariate integration statistic, allow us to be better observe the degree of variability in different populations. Integration caracterisrics are taken into account when questioning the origins or histories of populations. Human anatomy shows some responses to the effect of climate, especially in the anatomy of the skull. It is also believed that different parts of the skull (face, neurocranium, temporal bone) are more or less sensitive to this process (Harvati & Weaver, 2006). In this work, three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric methods have been used to test differences in cranial shape and size, as well as the relative position of cranial regions in relation to climate. The sample consisted of 85 skulls from different populations of cold climates (north: Inuit and Vikings, south: Tierra del Fuego), temperate climates (Iberia Peninsula), and hot climates (Sub-saharan Africa) in which a total of 65 landmarks and 723 semilandmarks were measured. The data have been processed using a number of multivariate statistical methods, including Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis and canonical variable analysis to see the differences in the positions of the corresponding landmarks in the different populations. Our results show that different populations have differential cranial patterns as a function of climate. Specifically, Inuit and Tierra del Fuego skulls are shorter and wider than European and African skulls, and have a less projected face. Africans and Europeans have a narrower, taller and more elongated neurocranium. When evaluating the results, it is found that the skulls of Tierra del Fuego and Inuit are larger in size. These results support Allen and Bergmann`s rule that variations in skull and body shape and size adaptations are probably temperature-dependent. This fact will have to be verified in future studies.[ES] Las poblaciones humanas varían considerablemente en su morfología craneal. Se ha debatido mucho sobre los factores que influyen en dicha variabilidad. Uno de ellos es el clima, factor ambiental impulsor de la selección natural. Se cree que algunas regiones craneales están influenciadas por el entorno y desempeñan un papel importante en la evolución humana. La morfología craneal se usa con frecuencia al considerar cuestiones evolutivas. Sin embargo, cuando se evalúan poblaciones, a menudo su cuestiona la confiabilidad. Por tanto, existen diferentes estudios sobre las técnicas empleadas y la evaluación de determinadas partes del cráneo que representan variaciones (Harvati & Weaver, 2006). La evolución del cráneo humano es un fenómeno basado en influencias funcionales y estructurales. Los cambios en la cara, la base, y el neurocráneo se presentan como una variación múltiple de adaptación y selección natural. La morfometría geométrica 3D se basa en el análisis geométrico multivariante de modelos tridimensionales que representan estructuras anatómicas. El uso de enfoques multivariados, en lugar de caracterizar variaciones de características morfológicas mediante estadísticas de integración univariadas o bivariadas, nos permite observar mejor el grado de variabilidad en diferentes poblaciones. Las características de integración se tienen en cuenta al cuestionar los orígenes o historias de las poblaciones. En anatomía humana habrá algunas respuestas por el efecto del clima, especialmente en la anatomía del cráneo. También se cree que diferentes partes del cráneo (cara, neurocráneo, hueso temporal) son más o menos sensibles a este proceso (Harvati & Weaver, 2006). En este trabajo, se han utilizado métodos de morfometría geométrica tridimensional (3D) para testar las diferencias en la forma y el tamaño craneal, así como la posición relativa de las regiones craneales en relación con el clima. La muestra estaba compuesta por 85 cráneos de diferentes poblaciones de climas fríos (norte: Inuit y Vikingos, sur: Tierra del Fuego), climas templados (península ibérica), y climas cálidos (África Subsahariana) en la que se midieron un total de 65 landmarks y 723 semilandmarks. Los datos se han procesado mediante una serie de métodos estadísticos multivariados, incluyendo la superposición de Procrustes, el análisis de componentes principales y el análisis de variables canónicas para ver las diferencias en las posiciones de los landmarks correspondientes en las diferentes poblaciones. Nuestros resultados muestran que las diferentes poblaciones tienen patrones craneales diferenciales en función del clima. Específicamente, los cráneos Inuit y Tierra del Fuego son más bajos y anchos que los cráneos europeos y africanos, y tienen la cara menos proyectada. Los africanos y europeos presentan un neurocráneo más estrecho, alto y alargado. Al evaluar los resultados, se constata que los cráneos de Tierra del Fuego e Inuit tienen un tamaño mayor. Estos resultados apoyan la regla de Allen y Bergmann ya que las variaciones en el cráneo, así como las adaptaciones de la forma y el tamaño del cuerpo dependen, probablemente, de la temperatura. Este hecho habrá de ser comprobado en futuros estudios

Comparison of clinical trials in Turkish and European Union (EU) regulations.

Türkiye’de klinik ilaç arastırmalarının yasal düzenlemeleri oldukça yenidir. En yakın düzenleme 1960 tarihli Tıbbi .deontoloji Nizamnamesi’dir. Bu düzenleme klinik arastırmaya izin verir, klasik hastadoktor ve doktor-doktor iliskilerini düzenler. nsanlarda yürütülen ilaç arastırmaları hakkında diger düzenleme 1987’de yürürlüge girer. Son olarak, laç Arastırmaları Hakkında Direktif 1993’te yayınlandı. 1993 yönetmeliginin adı “ laç Arastırmaları Hakkında Yönetmelik”tir. Bu düzenleme ile Türkiye’de ilaçla ilgili klinik arastırmalar uluslararası standartlar benimsenmis arastırıcıların ve gönüllülerin yasal hakları saglandı. ki yıl sonra laç ve Eczacılık Genel Müdürlügü yi Kilinik Uygulamaları Kılavuzu’nun ilk basımını yayınladı. Türkiye yönetmeligi ile AB talimatı arasında bazı farklılıklar vardır. Bunların bazıları; klinik arastırma alanları, etik komite için basvuru dökümanları, etik komite yapısı, advers olay raporlama, sponsorun yetki ve görevleri, basvuru süresini hızlandırma, arastırıcı sorumlulukları ve yetkileri, cezalar. AB direktifleri ve Türkiye kuralları arasında farklılıklardan dolayı, Türkiye saglık otoriteleri, laç ve Eczacılık Genel Müdürlügü, AB direktifleri ile ilgili olarak yeni taslak bir yönetmelik hazırladı. Yeni döküman “Beseri Tıbbi Ürünlerin Klinik Arastırmaları Hakkında Yönetmelik” ve bu 2001/20/AB ve 2005/28/AB direktifleriyle paraleldir. Yeni yönetmelik AB ülkeleri ve ülkemiz arasındaki farklılıkları çözmek için önemli bir adımdır.Legal regulations of clinical drug trials in Turkey are quite new. The earliest regulation is the Regulation on Medical Deontology, dated 1960. This regulation allows clinical trials, and regulating classical physicianspatient and physician-physician relations. The other legal regulation on drug trials conducted on human beings comes into force 1987. Finally, the Directive on Drug Researches, which was published 1993. The name of the 1993 bylaw is ‘’Bylaw on Drug Research’’. With this regulation, clinical trials that are related drug in Turkey that appropriate international standards and legal rights of researchers and volunteers are guarantied. Two years later, the ministry’s Directorate of Drug and Pharmacy published the first edition of Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. There are some differences in between Turkey bylaw and EU directions. Some of them are; clinical trial sites, application documents for ethical committee, ethical committee structure, adverse event notification, power and duty of sponsor, speed up to process of approval, investigator qualifications and responsibility, penalties. Due to differences between EU directives and Turkish rules, Turkish health authorities, General Directorate of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals, has made a new draft regulation concerning with EU directions. The new document is ‘’Bylaw on the Clinical Trials Conducted by Medicinal Products Used in Humans’’, and it is in parallel to the 2001/20/EC and 2005/28/EC directives. The new bylaw is an important step to solve differences between EU countries and our country

DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGY USAGE EFFICIENCY IN EGG CHICKEN REARED

This study was performed with the purpose of determining the energy usage efficiency of egg chicken reared. To achieve this study, the energy input-output of 1000 egg chickens reared was calculated. This study was done an egg chicken’s farm in Isparta province, the between years 2015-2016. The energy input and output were calculated as 588779.56 MJ/1000 chickens and 1107962.30 MJ/1000 chickens in egg chicken reared. The composition of energy inputs was 88.51% (521147 MJ/1000 chickens) feed energy, 8.24% (48507 MJ/1000 chickens) fuel energy, 1.71% (10504.80 MJ/1000 chickens) electricity energy, 1.01% (5967.81 MJ/1000 chickens) machinery energy, 0.37% (2165.80 MJ/1000 chickens) human labour energy, 0.08% (464.85 MJ/1000 chickens) chickens energy, 0.07% (392.92 MJ/1000 chickens) transportation energy and 0.01% (79.38 MJ/1000 chickens) water energy. Energy usage efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy for egg chicken reared were calculated as 1.88, 0.03 kg MJ-1, 31.63 MJ kg-1 and 519182.74 MJ/1000 chickens, respectively. Feed energy was determined as the highest ratio (88.51%) of total energy input. According to study results, egg chicken reared can be accepted as economic in terms of energy usage efficiency

Inhibition impacts of natural clinoptilolite on biogenic amines production by common food-borne pathogens in arginine decarboxylase broth

The effect of natural clinoptilolite (CLINOPT) on ammonia (AMN) and biogenic amines (BAs) production by different food borne-pathogens (FBPs) was studied in arginine decarboxylase broth (ADB) using HPLC. All tested bacteria were found to have an ability to produce ammonia and BAs in ADB. It was demonstrated that ammonia and biogenic amine production could be significantly influenced by adding CLINOPT (P < 0.05). Both concentrations of CLINOPT (1 and 5%) had a clear inhibition effect only on putrescine (PUT) formation by both Gram negative and positive FBPs. On the other hand, CLINOPT resulted in strong increases in biogenic amines production by Enterococcus faecalis, although remarkable decreases were observed for biogenic amines by Salmonella paratyphi A in the presence of CLINOPT. Consequently, it can be concluded that the effect of CLINOPT on AMN and BAs production varied depending on not only FBPs, but also CLINOPT concentrations used

Potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) nursery production and its economic importance in Turkey

In this study, data such as the total amount of nursery stock production in Turkey, walnut rootstock production (seedling rootstock), walnut nursery stock production per variety, number of certified nursery stock producers and distribution per province, number of producers with breeding blocks, walnut nursery stock export-imports and the amount of state funding per year have been statistically analyzed and the results provided. Data have been acquired from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Plant Production. During the 2014-2016 period, the total certified and non-certified nursery stock production was 105,418,395 saplings. Apple plant production (30%) was followed by walnut plant production (16%) and grape plant production (11%). Looking at the distribution of walnut nursery enterprises per province, Balıkesir province was ranked first, Bursa province was ranked second, while Izmir province was ranked third. According to the General Directorate of Plant Production data, a total of 3,487,710 buds were used in walnut nursery stock production in Turkey during the 2014-2016 period. These consisted of Altınova-1, Bilecik, Şebin, Chandler, Fernette, Ferron, Franquette, Gültekin-1, Kaman 1, Kaplan-86, Maraş 18, Oğuzlar 77, Pedro, Sütyemez 1, Şen-1, Şen-2, Tokat-1, Yalova-1, Yalova-2, Yalova-3, Yalova-4 and Yavuz-1. During the 2005-2016 period, the amount of assistance provided for certified and non-certified walnut nursery stock production was TRY 100,785,483. © 2019 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved