Does forming a nuclear family increase religiosity? Longitudinal evidence from the British Household Panel Survey

This study investigates how far the nuclear family—in terms of entering cohabitation and marriage and having a first and second child—affects religious salience, religious attendance, and activity in religious organizations. Previous research has shown that religious individuals are more likely to marry, and have higher fertility, than non-religious individuals. Less is known about how far the nuclear family also affects religiosity. This study presents longitudinal evidence on how religious factors change within the life-course of individuals after entering cohabitation or marriage and after having a first or second child in up to 14 waves of the British Household Panel Survey collected between 1991 and 2009. The comparison between longitudinal and cross-sectional results indicates how far religious factors affect family formation processes. All religious factors investigated (salience, attendance, activity) increased when people became parents, as well as when they married, but not when they started to cohabit. Most of these effects are long-lasting and they hold across age, gender and cohort groups.publishedVersionPaid Open Acces

Hei Elefant! Vil du låne capsen min? -eit performativt blikk på tredjeklassingar som les ei biletbok i sjølvstyrte grupper

Bakgrunnen for dette masterprosjektet er eit ynskje om at elevar i byrjaropplæringa skal få høve til å vere munnleg aktive på sine premissar i høgtlesingshendingar. For å få ei rik leseoppleving, treng elevane å bruke fantasien og kreativiteten sin. Overordna mål for studien er å opne dører for leikande og kroppsleg aktivitet i fag, slik at arbeid med skjønnlitterære tekstar kan medverke til leseglede. Prosjektet har ein sosiokulturell ståstad (Dysthe, 1995, 2001), som inneber at læring skjer i samspel med andre. Samstundes anerkjenner eg eit heilskapleg syn på læring og utvikling (Merleau-Ponty, 2012; Vingdal, 2018), og søker å sjå og verdsette heile barnet. Problemstillinga i prosjektet er: Kva karakteriserer den estetiske leseopplevinga når elevar på tredje årssteg les ei biletbok i sjølvstyrte grupper? Prosjektet er ein kvalitativ fleircasestudie gjort på eigen arbeidsplass. Utvalet, 14 elevar på 3. årssteg, las og samtalte om biletboka Øya av Eli Hovdenak (2014) i gjennomføringa av fem høgtlesingshendingar. Analysar og diskusjonar er gjort på bakgrunn av observasjonsnotat skrive undervegs i aktiviteten, lydopptak som er transkriberte, samt samanskrivingar av desse. Det teoretiske fundamentet i studien omhandlar estetiske lesemåtar (Rosenblatt, 1994, 1995). Teori om lesing som performativ hending (Aurelius, 2013; Fischer-Lichte, 2008; Nagel, 2014), lesing som leik og biletbøker sitt performative potensiale vert løfta fram og lysset analysane. Aurelius (2013) sine tre nivå konteksten, teksten og høgtlesingshendinga, inkludert Sipe (2002) sine kategoriar for expressive engagements; dramatizing, talking back, critiquing/controlling, inserting og taking over utgjer studien sin analysereiskap. Analysane og diskusjonane er systematisert og bearbeidd gjennom abduktiv metode (Alvesson & Sköldberg, 2008; Thagaard, 2018). På bakgrunn av analysane og diskusjonane i etterkant ser det ut til at barnelesarane realiserte biletbøker gjennom leikande og kroppslege tilnærmingar, når konteksten ligg til rette for det og teksten samtidig har eit performativt potensiale som inviterer til aktivitet. Barnelesarane pendla mellom fiksjon og fakta i høgtlesingshendingane, og var aktive deltakarar/aktørar. Elevane sine estetiske leseopplevingar er resultat av spontan aktivitet og leseglede. På bakgrunn av det funna og diskusjonane i studien viser, er det grunn til å tru at elevstyrte høgtlesingshendingar der estetiske leseopplevingar er i sentrum, kan tilføre meir tradisjonelle lærarstyrte litterære samtalar noko. Då kan det vere plass til elevane sine spontane leseopplevingar i skulen utan at det litteraturfaglege aspektet forsvinn

Regrowth of Cirsium arvense from intact roots and root fragments at different soil depths

In the present work we measured the shoot rate from intact roots and from root fragments of Cirsium arvense at different digging depths and the number of leaves were used as estimate of minimum regenerative capacity. The experiments were performed on four sites with three or four repetitions of each treatment. On each site plot, the soil was removed down to a given depth within a 1 x 1 m square. All plant parts was excavated from the soil and the soil was either replaced without any root material, or roots of C. arvense was cut into 10 cm long fragments and replaced into the source hole. Shoot number, aboveground biomass and number of leaves were measured. Digging depth and time explained 50% - 60% of the variation in biomass (P<0.001). Replacement of root fragments increased the shoot number in one out of four treatments but did not affect biomass produced compared to production from undisturbed root systems. Number of leaves showed that shoots from all digging depths passed the level of minimum regenerative capacity. We conclude that the intact root system from all depths was able to regenerate within one season and it has a high contribution to the produced biomass compared with root fragments in the upper soil layers.Keywords: Biomass, compensation point, number of leaves, root systemAufwuchs von Cirsium arvense aus intakten Wurzeln und Rhizom-Fragmenten aus verschiedener BodentiefeZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Sprossbildung aus intaktem Wurzelsystem und aus Wurzelfragmenten von Cirsium arvense bei verschiedenen Bodentiefen gemessen. Die Anzahl der Blätter diente zur Schätzung der minimalen Regenerationsfähigkeit. Die Experimente wurden an vier Standorten mit drei oder vier Wiederholungen der einzelnen Behandlungen durchgeführt. Auf jeder Versuchsparzelle wurde der Boden bis zu einer bestimmten Tiefe in einem 1 x 1 m-Quadrat entfernt. Alle Pflanzenteile wurden aus dem Boden entfernt, und der Boden wurde entweder ohne Wurzel oder mit 10 cm langen Wurzelteilen von C. arvense in den Boden zurückgegeben. Die Anzahl der Sprosse, die oberirdische Biomasse und die Anzahl der Blätter wurden gemessen. 50-60 % der Variationen der Biomasse erklärten sich aus Bodentiefe und Zeit (P < 0,001). Beim Einbringen der Wurzelfragmente stieg die Sprossdichte in einer von vier Behandlungen an, hatte aber keine Auswirkungen auf die Biomasse im Vergleich zur Produktion aus ungestörtem Wurzelsystem. Anhand der Anzahl der Blätter zeigte sich, dass Sprosse aus allen Bodentiefen die regenerative Mindestkapazität überstiegen. Wir schließen daraus, dass sich das intakte Wurzelsystem aus allen Bodentiefen innerhalb einer Saison regenerieren konnte und in hohem Maße zur produzierten Biomasse im Vergleich mit der aus Wurzelfragmenten in den oberen Bodenschichten beiträgt.Stichwörter: Anzahl der Blätter, Biomasse, Kompensationspunkt, Wurzelsyste

Konstruksjon av norske hesterasar – Korleis dølahesten, fjordhesten og nordlandshest/lyngshest vart til

Historie mastergradsoppgåveMAHF-HISMAHF-LÆHRHIS35

Det står skrevet: En diskursanalyse av stortingsmelding 47 (2008-2009), samhandlingsreformens fremstilling av grupper med særskilte utfordringer

Denne oppgaven har blitt til i interessefeltet konstruksjoner og kategoriseringer. Som sosialarbeider er jeg grunnleggende opptatt av hva som styrer den hjelpen vi tilbyr andre, og jeg ønsker å bruke min masteroppgave til å undersøke hvorfor noen blir kategorisert som hjelpetrengende og andre ikke. Hva det er som konstituerer oss og dem. Stortingsmelding 47, samhandlingsreformen (2008-2009), er et dokument som har skaffet seg stor plass i norsk offentlighet og debatt. Det er et godt utgangspunkt for min analyse fordi det setter teksten i posisjon til å si noe om hvilke grupper som anses for å ha særskilte utfordringer. Jeg har nærmet meg teksten med det grunnleggende diskursive premiss at virkeligheten kun er tilgjengelig for oss ved hjelp av våre kategorier, og at sannheten ikke er en objektiv størrelse. For å finne fram til noen sentrale analytiske poeng har jeg valgt å gjøre en operasjonalisering av Foucault. Jeg har sett etter hvordan utsagn i teksten bygger opp under hva som er riktig kunnskap om grupper med særskilte utfordringer. Hvilke institusjoner teksten foreslår som hjelp til å håndtere utfordringene og hva slags egenskaper som skrives frem ved de subjektene som representerer gruppene. I tillegg har jeg lagt vekt på tekstens makt, og Foucaults historiske perspektiv som anerkjenner at andre diskurser om grupper med særskilte behov har eksistert i tidligere tider, og at nye diskurser vil komme til syne i fremtiden. Samer og innvandrere blir i Samhandlingsreformen plukket ut som grupper med særskilte utfordringer. Teksten begrunner ikke hvorfor disse to gruppene merkes spesielt, men jeg foreslår i oppgaven at dette henger sammen med etnisitet. Jeg viser hvordan jeg mener etnisitet var den riktige måten å innlemme minoriteter på den gangen Samhandlingsreformen ble skrevet og behandlet. Noe av det jeg fant mest interessant var at type etnisitet virker å være avgjørende for hvilke tiltak som settes i verk for å sikre gode helsetjenester for disse gruppene. Jeg mener å ha funnet at der samer har spesielle rettigheter på grunn av sin status som urbefolkning, møter innvandrerbefolkningen krav om tilpasning til storsamfunnet. Hvordan vi ser på integrering virker å stå sentralt i dette, og det er mitt poeng at det også får konsekvenser for sosialt arbeids praksis. Foucault understreket dette ved å vise til hvordan praksis vil oppleves som svært reell for de som til en hver tid reguleres av den, uavhengig av at diskursen er historisk betinget og vil endres over tid.In this MA thesis I have used Foucault`s discourse theory and analyse elements on a governmental whitepaper. The “coordination reform”, issued in whitepaper nr 47 (2008-2009) has marked a new development in the Norwegian healthcare system. The overall goal of the reform is to improve services, and secure that the Norwegian population regardless of home municipality receive equal quality and access to essential health services. Universal social benefits are a fundamental principle in the Norwegian healthcare system, and it plays an important role in how we organize our services. What level of assistance we offer to the population is governed by this principal, and in that respect it has consequences for the individual patient. My study of the whitepaper is within the interest area of categorization and constructionism. Ever since I started out as a social worker 15 years ago I have been fundamental concerned with the issue of on what grounds we as social workers offer our help. I believe that how I perceive a person is crucial for the help he/ she will get from me. Therefore I have a particular interest in studying what constitutes some people/ groups as deviants, and for the same reasons, why some people are perceived as the norm. The whitepaper categorizes the Sami population and the Immigrant population as “groups with special needs”. My point of interest is to study why they are marked, how they are perceived, and what kind of assistance the paper suggests that they need. At the end I use this knowledge to suggest implications for social work practice. I chose to use Foucault for this study because his definition of discourse as “the production of knowledge through language” (Hall 2001, 72) got my attention. I also found it very useful to operationalize his theoretical view into ways of looking for certain knowledge and ways of talking about groups with special needs. And amongst others, how this knowledge acquires authority and what institutions society uses to deal with the challenges. With Foucault`s historical perspective in mind it is easier to acknowledge that different discourse will arise at different times, and that the truth in that view is constructed. Hopefully this thesis will show that this way of thinking opens up the way we look at them and us, and that it makes the practice of social work less static.Master i sosialt arbei

Inhibition of vesicular glutamate storage and exocytotic release by Rose Bengal

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65725/1/j.1471-4159.2001.00200.x.pd

Trends in the use of home care services among Norwegians 70+ and projections towards 2050: The HUNT study 1995–2017

Background - Life expectancy (LE) is increasing worldwide, while there is lack of information on how this affects older individuals' use of formal home care services. Aim - We aimed to decompose LE into years with and without home care services and estimate projected number of users towards 2050 in Norway for people 70 years or older. Methods - This study is based on a sample of 25,536 participants aged 70 years and older in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) survey 2 (1995–1997), 3 (2006–2008), or 4 (2017–2019) linked with national data on mortality. Prevalence of home care services was standardised to the Norwegian population by age and sex. The Sullivan method was used to estimate expected years with and without home help services and nursing services for the years 1995, 2006 and 2016. Data from HUNT4 and Statistics Norway were used to estimate projected use of these services between 2020 and 2050. Results - During 1995–2017, the use of home help services decreased from 22.6% to 6.2% (p  Conclusion - While overall life expectancy increased, the expected years receiving home help have decreased and home nursing slightly increased among the Norwegian population aged 70 years and older during 1995–2017. However, the substantial increase in the projected number of older adults using home care services in the future is an alert for the current health care planners

Differential expression of synaptophysin and synaptoporin during pre- and postnatal development of the hippocampal network

The closely related synaptic vesicle membrane proteins synaptophysin and synaptoporin are abundant in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat. But the prenatal hippocampal formation contains only synaptophysin, which is first detected at embryonic day 17 (E17) in perikarya and axons of the pyramidal neurons. At E21 synaptophysin immunoreactivity extends into the apical dendrites of these cells and in newly formed terminals contacting these dendrites. The transient presence of synaptophysin in axons and dendrites suggests a functional involvement of synaptophysin in fibre outgrowth of developing pyramidal neurons. Synaptoporin expression parallels the formation of dentate granule cell synaptic contacts with pyramidal neurons: the amount of hippocampal synaptoporin, determined in immunoblots and by synaptoporin immunostaining of developing mossy fibre terminals, increases during the first postnatal week. Moreover, in the adult, synaptoporin is found exclusively in the mossy fibre terminals present in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus and the regio inferior of the cornu ammonis. In contrast, synaptophysin is present in all synaptic fields of the hippocampal formation, including the mossy fibre terminals, where it colocalizes with synaptoporin in the same boutons. Our data indicate that granule neuron terminals differ from all other terminals of the hippocampal formation by the presence of both synaptoporin and synaptophysin. This difference, observed in the earliest synaptic contacts in the postnatal hippocampus and persisting into adult life, suggests distinct functions of synaptoporin in these nerve terminals

Retirement age and disability status as pathways to later-life cognitive impairment: Evidence from the Norwegian HUNT Study linked with Norwegian population registers

Background Research shows that retirement age is associated with later-life cognition but has not sufficiently distinguished between retirement pathways. We examined how retirement age was associated with later-life dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for people who retired via the disability pathway (received a disability pension prior to old-age pension eligibility) and those who retired via the standard pathway. Methods The study sample comprised 7210 participants from the Norwegian Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4 70+, 2017–2019) who had worked for at least one year in 1967–2019, worked until age 55+, and retired before HUNT4. Dementia and MCI were clinically assessed in HUNT4 70+ when participants were aged 69–85 years. Historical data on participants' retirement age and pathway were retrieved from population registers. We used multinomial regression to assess the dementia/MCI risk for women and men retiring via the disability pathway, or early (<67 years), on-time (age 67, old-age pension eligibility) or late (age 68+) via the standard pathway. Results In our study sample, 9.5% had dementia, 35.3% had MCI, and 28.1% retired via the disability pathway. The disability retirement group had an elevated risk of dementia compared to the on-time standard retirement group (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.64, 95% CI 1.14–2.37 for women, 1.70, 95% CI 1.17–2.48 for men). MCI risk was lower among men who retired late versus on-time (RRR, 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.95). Conclusion Disability retirees should be monitored more closely, and preventive policies should be considered to minimize the dementia risk observed among this group of retirees.publishedVersio

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Source at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3. NB only authors with Norwegian affiliation registered in Munin. See source for full author list.Background - How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods - We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings - Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1–7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3–65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7–73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0–5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3–12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1–33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8–15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9–6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6–59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5–65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4–4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8–11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4–1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9–64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9–65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9–25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9–32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5–57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6–2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9–12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4–78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8–75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7–50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1–45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8–43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9–51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8–43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0–20·2). Interpretation - With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health