Musik, eine Ausdrucksart menschlicher Gefühle

As regarded from the psycho-analytic approach, feelings are defined here as impulse manifestations. Their primary quality is pressure, an inner tension which seeks a release, a mode of expression - emotion in the original sense of the word. Music consists of energy which in time occurs as sound waves and which, similar to emotion, alternates between tension and release. Music, therefore, is an adequate and the most intense expression of feelings. One experiences this expression in the state of regression. Music as an expressive symbol differs from language; the two symbolic systems are not interchangeable, and so improvement in the training of the auditory senses can only be achieved by the use of musical elements. (DIPF/Orig.

Belcanto und Popgesang

Im Juni 1991 erschienen die beiden führenden musikpädagogischen Zeitschriften eine mit dem Thema Kunstlied, somit belcanto, die andere mit dem Thema Pop, Rock, Jazz. Dabei existiert das Thema, die Polarität beider Singideale in unserer Kultur, schon seit den 60er Jahren, seitdem sich der Einfluß der Massenmedien und der amerikanischen Popmusik durchsetzte. Dagegen ist heute der Popgesang einerseits Ausdruck einer jugendlichen Subkultur in Discos und Beatveranstaltungen. Anderseits aber wird er als eine allgemein verbreitete und damit gültige Art zu singen akzeptiert. Damit ist er ein Produkt unserer heutigen Kultur. Nun existiert menschliche Kultur nur aufgrund einer langen Tradition - man kann Kultur nicht neu erfinden - weshalb das Problem der beiden Singideale nicht nur systematisch, sondern auch historisch zu untersuchen ist. (DIPF/Orig.

Molecular Approaches to the Nitrogen Cycle

This chapter provides an overview of studies of key protein coding genes, enzymes, and other functional markers, \u27\u27functional gene\u27\u27 approaches, that have been used to dissect the contributions of uncultivated organisms to various nitrogen transformations. The increasing application of molecular biological techniques to studies in marine nitrogen cycling demonstrates the feasibility of assigning functional roles in biogeochemical transformations to individual organisms. Molecular biological methods have been instrumental for identifying the presence of organisms for major nitrogen transformation pathways that may have long remained undetected otherwise. Gene-based detection methods often uncover a vast diversity of uncultivated organisms that may in part explain missing N-budget terms. Measurements of the expression of specific genes makes possible to determine the distribution of individual genotypes that are physiologically active. It is now feasible to determine the correlations between the distributions of individual genotypes, expression of genes and physicochemical factors in the marine environment. It may be years from now before this explosion of molecular and genetic data can inform predictive ecosystem models directly, but knowledge of the genetic potential and responses of organisms in the environment can provide a blueprint for refining considerations impacting ecosystem function. © 2008 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.