Study of the tidal variations in mesospheric temperature at low and mid latitudes from WINDII and potassium lidar observations

Zonal mean daytime temperatures from the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and nightly temperatures from a potassium (K) lidar are employed in the study of the tidal variations in mesospheric temperature at low and mid latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The analysis is applied to observations at 89km height for winter solstice, December to February (DJF), at 55° N, and for May and November at 28° N. The WINDII results are based on observations from 1991 to 1997. The K-lidar observations for DJF at Kühlungsborn (54° N) were from 1996–1999, while those for May and November at Tenerife 28° N were from 1999. To avoid possible effects from year-to-year variability in the temperatures observed, as well as differences due to instrument calibration and observation periods, the mean temperature field is removed from the respective data sets, assuming that only tidal and planetary scale perturbations remain in the temperature residuals. The latter are then binned in 0.5h periods and the individual data sets are fitted in a least-mean square sense to 12-h and 8-h harmonics, to infer semidiurnal and terdiurnal tidal parameters. Both the K-lidar and WINDII independently observed a strong semidiurnal tide in November, with amplitudes of 13K and 7.4K, respectively. Good agreement was also found in the tidal parameters derived from the two data sets for DJF and May. It was recognized that insufficient local time coverage of the two separate data sets could lead to an overestimation of the semidiurnal tidal amplitude. A combined ground-based/satellite data set with full diurnal local time coverage was created which was fitted to 24h+12h+8h harmonics and a novel method applied to account for possible differences between the daytime and nighttime means. The results still yielded a strong semidiurnal tide in November at 28° N with an amplitude of 8.8K which is twice the SD amplitude in May and DJF. The diurnal tidal parameters were practically the same at 28° N and 55° N, in November and DJF, respectively, with an amplitude of 6.5K and peaking at ~9h. The diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes in May were about the same, 4K, and 4.6K, while the terdiurnal tide had the same amplitudes and phases in May and November at 28° N. Good agreement is found with other experimental data while models tend to underestimate the amplitudes.<br><br><b> Key words.</b> Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure, density and temperature) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides

Математическое моделирование взаимодействия верхового лесного пожара с противопожарным разрывом конечных размеров

Analysis of dependence of the critical dimensions of fire ruptures on the main characteristics of forests and wind speed. As a result of the numerical integration of fields was obtained the temperature distribution, oxygen concentration and volatile combustible pyrolysis products

First observations of noctilucent clouds by lidar at Svalbard, 78°N

International audienceIn summer 2001 a potassium lidar was installed near Longyearbyen (78° N) on the north polar island of Spitsbergen which is part of the archipelago Svalbard. At the same place a series of meteorological rockets ("falling spheres", FS) were launched which gave temperatures from the lower thermosphere to the stratosphere. The potassium lidar is capable of detecting noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and of measuring temperatures in the lower thermosphere, both under daylight conditions. In this paper we give an overview on the NLC measurements (the first at this latitude) and compare the results with temperatures from meteorological rockets which have been published recently (Lübken and Mülleman, 2003) NLCs were observed from 12 June (the first day of operation) until 12 August when a period of bad weather started. When the lidar was switched on again on 26 August, no NLC was observed. The mean occurrence frequency in the period 12 June -- 12 August ("lidar NLC period") is 77%. The mean of all individual NLC peak altitudes is 83.6 km (variability: 1.1 km). The mean peak NLC altitude does not show a significant variation with season. The average top and bottom altitude of the NLC layer is 85.1 and 82.5 km, respectively, with a variability of ~1.2 km. The mean of the maximum volume backscatter coefficient bmax at our wavelength of 770 nm is 3.9 x 10-10/m/sr with a large variability of ±3.8 x 10-10/m/sr. Comparison of NLC characteristics with measurements at ALOMAR (69° N) shows that the peak altitude and the maximum volume backscatter coefficient are similar at both locations but NLCs occur more frequently at higher latitudes. Simultaneous temperature and NLC measurements are available for 3 flights and show that the NLC layer occurs in the lower part of the height range with super-saturation. The NLC peak occurs over a large range of degree of saturation (S) whereas most models predict the peak at S = 1. This demonstrates that steady-state considerations may not be applicable when relating individual NLC properties to background conditions. On the other hand, the mean variation of the NLC appearance with height and season is in agreement with the climatological variation of super-saturation derived from the FS temperature measurements

First global observations of the mesospheric potassium layer

Metal species, produced by meteoric ablation, act as useful tracers of upper atmosphere dynamics and chemistry. Of these meteoric metals, K is an enigma: at extratropical latitudes, limited available lidar data show that the K layer displays a semiannual seasonal variability, rather than the annual pattern seen in other metals such as Na and Fe. Here we present the first near-global K retrieval, where K atom number density profiles are derived from dayglow measurements made by the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System spectrometer on board the Odin satellite. This robust retrieval produces density profiles with typical layer peak errors of ±15% and a 2 km vertical grid resolution. We demonstrate that these retrieved profiles compare well with available lidar data and show for the first time that the unusual semiannual behavior is near-global in extent. This new data set has wider applications for improving understanding of the K chemistry and of related upper atmosphere processes

Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidalperturbations in mesopause region temperature and zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, Colorado(40.6°N, 105.1°W)

On the basis of Colorado State University (CSU) Na lidar observations over full diurnal cycles from May 2002 to April 2006, a harmonic analysis was performed to extract semidiurnal perturbations in mesopause region temperature and zonal and meridional winds over Fort Collins, Colorado (40.6°N, 105.1°W). The observed monthly results are in good agreement with MF radar tidal climatology for Urbana, Illinois, and with predictions of the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), sampled at the CSU Na lidar coordinates. The observed semidiurnal tidal period perturbation within the mesopause region is found to be dominated by propagating modes in winter and equinoctial months with a combined vertical wavelength varying from 50 km to almost 90 km and by a mode with evanescent behavior and longer vertical wavelength (100–150 km) in summer months, most likely due to dominance of (2, 2) and (2, 3) tidal (Hough) modes. The observed semidiurnal tidal amplitude shows strong seasonal variation, with a large amplitude during the winter months, with a higher growth rate above ∼85–90 km, and minimal amplitudes during the summer months. Maximum tidal amplitudes over 50 m/s for wind and 12 K for temperature occur during fall equinox. A detailed comparison with HAMMONIA predictions shows excellent agreement in semidiurnal phases. HAMMONIA-predicted semidiurnal amplitudes generally agree well with observations; however, HOMMONIA underestimates temperature amplitudes in some of the nonsummer months as well as zonal wind and meridional wind amplitudes in April and September but overestimates them in February. To reveal the effects of the atmospheric background on vertical propagation of tidal modes and their relative importance in the composite semidiurnal tide during different seasons, we use the lidar-observed monthly mean temperature and zonal wind from the same data set as well as HAMMONIA output to calculate the vertical wave number seasonal variations of the major tidal modes of the migrating semidiurnal tide. This leads to a qualitative understanding of the lidar-observed and HAMMONIA-predicted seasonal variation of the semidiurnal tidal perturbation

First observations of noctilucent clouds by lidar at Svalbard, 78° N

In summer 2001 a potassium lidar was installed near Longyearbyen (78° N) on the north polar island of Spitsbergen which is part of the archipelago Svalbard. At the same place a series of meteorological rockets ("falling spheres", FS) were launched which gave temperatures from the lower thermosphere to the stratosphere. The potassium lidar is capable of detecting noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and of measuring temperatures in the lower thermosphere, both under daylight conditions. In this paper we give an overview on the NLC measurements (the first at this latitude) and compare the results with temperatures from meteorological rockets which have been published recently (Lübken and Mülleman, 2003) NLCs were observed from 12 June (the first day of operation) until 12 August when a period of bad weather started. When the lidar was switched on again on 26 August, no NLC was observed. The mean occurrence frequency in the period 12 June -- 12 August ("lidar NLC period") is 77%. The mean of all individual NLC peak altitudes is 83.6 km (variability: 1.1 km). The mean peak NLC altitude does not show a significant variation with season. The average top and bottom altitude of the NLC layer is 85.1 and 82.5 km, respectively, with a variability of ~1.2 km. The mean of the maximum volume backscatter coefficient bmax at our wavelength of 770 nm is 3.9 x 10-10/m/sr with a large variability of ±3.8 x 10-10/m/sr. Comparison of NLC characteristics with measurements at ALOMAR (69° N) shows that the peak altitude and the maximum volume backscatter coefficient are similar at both locations but NLCs occur more frequently at higher latitudes. Simultaneous temperature and NLC measurements are available for 3 flights and show that the NLC layer occurs in the lower part of the height range with super-saturation. The NLC peak occurs over a large range of degree of saturation (S) whereas most models predict the peak at S = 1. This demonstrates that steady-state considerations may not be applicable when relating individual NLC properties to background conditions. On the other hand, the mean variation of the NLC appearance with height and season is in agreement with the climatological variation of super-saturation derived from the FS temperature measurements

Fast single piece identification with a 3D scanning LIBS for aluminium cast and wrought alloys recycling

In industrial recycling processes secondary metals need to be separated by material grades before they can be further processed. The identification and separation into different material classes lead to higher value-added industrial feedstock and prevent downgrading processes. Secondary raw materials can be used more efficiently resulting in an increased use of waste products in resource-intensive production processes. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a contact free, multi-elemental and fast method for the inline quantitative analysis of single objects in moving particle streams. The LIBS method presented in this paper is based on a 3D object detection combined with a scanning LIBS setup. The optical system consists of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser running at 40 Hz, delivering a 200 mJ double pulse for plasma generation. A high performance three axis galvo-scanner guides the laser beam onto single pieces moving at 3 m s-1 through a measuring volume of 600 × 60 0 × 100 mm3 with a precision of ±1.5 mm. Twenty channels of a high resolution Paschen-Runge spectrometer are simultaneously processed within a few microseconds enabling multi-elemental analysis of different aluminium (Al) alloys. A dimensionless figure of merit is introduced for the evaluation of the analytical performance. Sorting measurements of Al post-consumer scrap charges, consisting of wrought and cast alloys were carried out. After discarding 20% of the data as outliers low and high silicon alloyed Al pieces were identified with a correctness of >96%. In a second sorting scenario the analytical discrimination of 8 different Al alloys of production scrap, requiring high analytical precision, is investigated. A mean identification correctness of wrought Al alloys >95% is demonstrated successfully for the first time