Premature polyadenylation-mediated loss of stathmin-2 is a hallmark of TDP-43-dependent neurodegeneration.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are associated with loss of nuclear transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Here we identify that TDP-43 regulates expression of the neuronal growth-associated factor stathmin-2. Lowered TDP-43 levels, which reduce its binding to sites within the first intron of stathmin-2 pre-messenger RNA, uncover a cryptic polyadenylation site whose utilization produces a truncated, non-functional mRNA. Reduced stathmin-2 expression is found in neurons trans-differentiated from patient fibroblasts expressing an ALS-causing TDP-43 mutation, in motor cortex and spinal motor neurons from patients with sporadic ALS and familial ALS with GGGGCC repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene, and in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons depleted of TDP-43. Remarkably, while reduction in TDP-43 is shown to inhibit axonal regeneration of iPSC-derived motor neurons, rescue of stathmin-2 expression restores axonal regenerative capacity. Thus, premature polyadenylation-mediated reduction in stathmin-2 is a hallmark of ALS-FTD that functionally links reduced nuclear TDP-43 function to enhanced neuronal vulnerability

Sequestration of DROSHA and DGCR8 by Expanded CGG RNA Repeats Alters MicroRNA Processing in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome

SummaryFragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of 55–200 CGG repeats in the 5′ UTR of FMR1. These expanded CGG repeats are transcribed and accumulate in nuclear RNA aggregates that sequester one or more RNA-binding proteins, thus impairing their functions. Here, we have identified that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein DGCR8 binds to expanded CGG repeats, resulting in the partial sequestration of DGCR8 and its partner, DROSHA, within CGG RNA aggregates. Consequently, the processing of microRNAs (miRNAs) is reduced, resulting in decreased levels of mature miRNAs in neuronal cells expressing expanded CGG repeats and in brain tissue from patients with FXTAS. Finally, overexpression of DGCR8 rescues the neuronal cell death induced by expression of expanded CGG repeats. These results support a model in which a human neurodegenerative disease originates from the alteration, in trans, of the miRNA-processing machinery

CUG initiation and frameshifting enable production of dipeptide repeat proteins from ALS/FTD C9ORF72 transcripts

Expansion of G4C2 repeats in the C9ORF72 gene is the most prevalent inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Expanded transcripts undergo repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation producing dipeptide repeat proteins from all reading frames. We determined cis-factors and trans-factors influencing translation of the human C9ORF72 transcripts. G4C2 translation operates through a 5′–3′ cap-dependent scanning mechanism, requiring a CUG codon located upstream of the repeats and an initiator Met-tRNAMeti. Production of poly-GA, poly-GP, and poly-GR proteins from the three frames is influenced by mutation of the same CUG start codon supporting a frameshifting mechanism. RAN translation is also regulated by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) present in mis-spliced C9ORF72 transcripts. Inhibitors of the pre-initiation ribosomal complex and RNA antisense oligonucleotides selectively targeting the 5′-flanking G4C2 sequence block ribosomal scanning and prevent translation. Finally, we identified an unexpected affinity of expanded transcripts for the ribosomal subunits independently from translation

Comprehensive preclinical evaluation of human-derived anti-poly-GA antibodies in cellular and animal models of C9ORF72 disease

Hexanucleotide G4C2 repeat expansions in the C9ORF72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) generated by translation of repeat-containing RNAs show toxic effects in vivo as well as in vitro and are key targets for therapeutic intervention. We generated human antibodies that bind DPRs with high affinity and specificity. Anti-GA antibodies engaged extra- and intracellular poly-GA and reduced aggregate formation in a poly-GA over-expressing human cell line. However, antibody treatment in human neuronal cultures synthesizing exogenous poly-GA resulted in the formation of large extracellular immune complexes and did not affect accumulation of intracellular poly-GA aggregates. Treatment with antibodies was also shown to directly alter the morphological and biochemical properties of poly-GA and to shift poly-GA/antibody complexes to more rapidly sedimenting ones. These alterations were not observed with poly-GP and have important implications for accurate measurement of poly-GA levels including the need to evaluate all centrifugation fractions and disrupt the interaction between treatment antibodies and poly-GA by denaturation. Targeting poly-GA and poly-GP in two mouse models expressing G4C2 repeats by systemic antibody delivery for up to 16 months was well-tolerated and led to measurable brain penetration of antibodies. Long term treatment with anti-GA antibodies produced improvement in an open field movement test in aged C9ORF72450 mice. However, chronic administration of anti-GA antibodies in AAV-(G4C2)149 mice was associated with increased levels of poly-GA detected by immunoassay and did not significantly reduce poly-GA aggregates or alleviate disease progression in this model. Significance Immunotherapy has been proposed for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases. Recent reports using antibodies against poly-GA or active immunization suggested similar immunotherapy in ALS/FTD caused by repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene (1, 2). Here, we systematically characterized human antibodies against multiple DPR species and tested the biological effects of antibodies targeting poly-GA in different cellular and mouse models. Target engagement was shown in three independent cellular models. Anti-GA antibodies reduced the number of intracellular poly-GA aggregates in human T98G cells but not in cultured human neurons. Whereas chronic anti-GA treatment in BAC C9ORF72450 mice did not impact poly-GA levels and modestly improved one behavioral phenotype, poly-GA levels detected by immunoassays were increased and disease progression was unaltered in AAV-(G4C2)149 mice

rbFOX1/MBNL1 competition for CCUG RNA repeats binding contributes to myotonic dystrophy type 1/type 2 differences

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2 (DM1, DM2) are caused by expansions of CTG and CCTG repeats, respectively. RNAs containing expanded CUG or CCUG repeats interfere with the metabolism of other RNAs through titration of the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) RNA binding proteins. DM2 follows a more favorable clinical course than DM1, suggesting that specific modifiers may modulate DM severity. Here, we report that the rbFOX1 RNA binding protein binds to expanded CCUG RNA repeats, but not to expanded CUG RNA repeats. Interestingly, rbFOX1 competes with MBNL1 for binding to CCUG expanded repeats and overexpression of rbFOX1 partly releases MBNL1 from sequestration within CCUG RNA foci in DM2 muscle cells. Furthermore, expression of rbFOX1 corrects alternative splicing alterations and rescues muscle atrophy, climbing and flying defects caused by expression of expanded CCUG repeats in a Drosophila model of DM2.Peer reviewe

Cell Rep

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5' UTR of FMR1. These expanded CGG repeats are transcribed and accumulate in nuclear RNA aggregates that sequester one or more RNA-binding proteins, thus impairing their functions. Here, we have identified that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein DGCR8 binds to expanded CGG repeats, resulting in the partial sequestration of DGCR8 and its partner, DROSHA, within CGG RNA aggregates. Consequently, the processing of microRNAs (miRNAs) is reduced, resulting in decreased levels of mature miRNAs in neuronal cells expressing expanded CGG repeats and in brain tissue from patients with FXTAS. Finally, overexpression of DGCR8 rescues the neuronal cell death induced by expression of expanded CGG repeats. These results support a model in which a human neurodegenerative disease originates from the alteration, in trans, of the miRNA-processing machinery

Splicing misregulation of SCN5A contributes to cardiac-conduction delay and heart arrhythmia in myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is caused by the expression of mutant RNAs containing expanded CUG repeats that sequester muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins, leading to alternative splicing changes. Cardiac alterations, characterized by conduction delays and arrhythmia, are the second most common cause of death in DM. Using RNA sequencing, here we identify novel splicing alterations in DM heart samples, including a switch from adult exon 6B towards fetal exon 6A in the cardiac sodium channel, SCN5A. We find that MBNL1 regulates alternative splicing of SCN5A mRNA and that the splicing variant of SCN5A produced in DM presents a reduced excitability compared with the control adult isoform. Importantly, reproducing splicing alteration of Scn5a in mice is sufficient to promote heart arrhythmia and cardiac-conduction delay, two predominant features of myotonic dystrophy. In conclusion, misregulation of the alternative splicing of SCN5A may contribute to a subset of the cardiac dysfunctions observed in myotonic dystrophy.Peer reviewe

Etude des bases moléculaires à l'origine des troubles cardiaques des patients atteints de dystrophies myotoniques

The myotonic dystrophies (DM) are the most common forms of muscular dystrophies in adults, characterized by several symptoms such as cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, fatals in 30% of DM patients. The molecular causes of DM cardiac defects are unknown. The RNA gain of function involving a sequestration of MBNL, alternatives splicing factors by large RNAs containing large (C)CUG, leading to alternative splicing defects. By microarray analysis, we identified and confirmed the specific decrease of miR-1, leading to misregulation of connexin 43 and cardiac calcium channel Cav1.2 expressions in DM patients’ hearts. By RNA-Sequencing of samples from DM and non-DM patients hearts, we have shown misregulation of more than 100 alternative splicing, such as the most interesting splicing alteration which is that of exons 6A/6B of SCN5A, the maincardiac sodium channel. We have shown this splicing is regulated by MBNL, and we have confirmed the abnormal inclusion of exon 6A instead of exon 6B in SCN5A mRNA in heart of DM patients, resulting in the decrease of SCN5A channel activity. This decrease could explain the cardiac defects of DM patients.Les dystrophies myotoniques sont les formes les plus communes des dystrophies musculaires chez l’adulte, caractérisées par de nombreux symptômes tels que les défauts de conduction et de rythme cardiaques fatals chez 30% des patients DM, dont les causes moléculaires sont inconnues. Les DM sont des maladies à gain de fonction d’ARN faisant intervenir une séquestration des facteurs d’épissage alternatif MBNL par des ARNs contenant de longues répétitions (C)CUG, conduisant à des altérations de l’épissage alternatif. Par des approches de puces à ADN, nous avons identifié et confirmé la diminution spécifique de miR-1, conduisant à la dérégulation de l’expression de la connexine 43 et du canal à calcium cardiaque Cav1.2 dans le coeur de patients DM. Par séquençage à haut débit d’ARNs de cœur de patients atteints ou non de DM, j’ai montré la dérégulation de plus d’une centaine d’épissages alternatifs dont celui des exons 6A/6B du principal canal à sodium cardiaque, SCN5A. J’ai montré que cet épissage est régulé par MBNL, et j’ai confirmé l’inclusion anormale de l’exon 6A à la place de l’exon 6B dans l’ARNm SCN5A conduisant à une diminution de l’activité du canal SCN5A, pouvant expliquer les défauts cardiaques des patients DM

Study of molecular basis at the origin of cardiac defects of patients affected by myotonic dystrophies

Les dystrophies myotoniques sont les formes les plus communes des dystrophies musculaires chez l’adulte, caractérisées par de nombreux symptômes tels que les défauts de conduction et de rythme cardiaques fatals chez 30% des patients DM, dont les causes moléculaires sont inconnues. Les DM sont des maladies à gain de fonction d’ARN faisant intervenir une séquestration des facteurs d’épissage alternatif MBNL par des ARNs contenant de longues répétitions (C)CUG, conduisant à des altérations de l’épissage alternatif. Par des approches de puces à ADN, nous avons identifié et confirmé la diminution spécifique de miR-1, conduisant à la dérégulation de l’expression de la connexine 43 et du canal à calcium cardiaque Cav1.2 dans le coeur de patients DM. Par séquençage à haut débit d’ARNs de cœur de patients atteints ou non de DM, j’ai montré la dérégulation de plus d’une centaine d’épissages alternatifs dont celui des exons 6A/6B du principal canal à sodium cardiaque, SCN5A. J’ai montré que cet épissage est régulé par MBNL, et j’ai confirmé l’inclusion anormale de l’exon 6A à la place de l’exon 6B dans l’ARNm SCN5A conduisant à une diminution de l’activité du canal SCN5A, pouvant expliquer les défauts cardiaques des patients DM.The myotonic dystrophies (DM) are the most common forms of muscular dystrophies in adults, characterized by several symptoms such as cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, fatals in 30% of DM patients. The molecular causes of DM cardiac defects are unknown. The RNA gain of function involving a sequestration of MBNL, alternatives splicing factors by large RNAs containing large (C)CUG, leading to alternative splicing defects. By microarray analysis, we identified and confirmed the specific decrease of miR-1, leading to misregulation of connexin 43 and cardiac calcium channel Cav1.2 expressions in DM patients’ hearts. By RNA-Sequencing of samples from DM and non-DM patients hearts, we have shown misregulation of more than 100 alternative splicing, such as the most interesting splicing alteration which is that of exons 6A/6B of SCN5A, the maincardiac sodium channel. We have shown this splicing is regulated by MBNL, and we have confirmed the abnormal inclusion of exon 6A instead of exon 6B in SCN5A mRNA in heart of DM patients, resulting in the decrease of SCN5A channel activity. This decrease could explain the cardiac defects of DM patients

Study of molecular basis at the origin of cardiac defects of patients affected by myotonic dystrophies

Les dystrophies myotoniques sont les formes les plus communes des dystrophies musculaires chez l’adulte, caractérisées par de nombreux symptômes tels que les défauts de conduction et de rythme cardiaques fatals chez 30% des patients DM, dont les causes moléculaires sont inconnues. Les DM sont des maladies à gain de fonction d’ARN faisant intervenir une séquestration des facteurs d’épissage alternatif MBNL par des ARNs contenant de longues répétitions (C)CUG, conduisant à des altérations de l’épissage alternatif. Par des approches de puces à ADN, nous avons identifié et confirmé la diminution spécifique de miR-1, conduisant à la dérégulation de l’expression de la connexine 43 et du canal à calcium cardiaque Cav1.2 dans le coeur de patients DM. Par séquençage à haut débit d’ARNs de cœur de patients atteints ou non de DM, j’ai montré la dérégulation de plus d’une centaine d’épissages alternatifs dont celui des exons 6A/6B du principal canal à sodium cardiaque, SCN5A. J’ai montré que cet épissage est régulé par MBNL, et j’ai confirmé l’inclusion anormale de l’exon 6A à la place de l’exon 6B dans l’ARNm SCN5A conduisant à une diminution de l’activité du canal SCN5A, pouvant expliquer les défauts cardiaques des patients DM.The myotonic dystrophies (DM) are the most common forms of muscular dystrophies in adults, characterized by several symptoms such as cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, fatals in 30% of DM patients. The molecular causes of DM cardiac defects are unknown. The RNA gain of function involving a sequestration of MBNL, alternatives splicing factors by large RNAs containing large (C)CUG, leading to alternative splicing defects. By microarray analysis, we identified and confirmed the specific decrease of miR-1, leading to misregulation of connexin 43 and cardiac calcium channel Cav1.2 expressions in DM patients’ hearts. By RNA-Sequencing of samples from DM and non-DM patients hearts, we have shown misregulation of more than 100 alternative splicing, such as the most interesting splicing alteration which is that of exons 6A/6B of SCN5A, the maincardiac sodium channel. We have shown this splicing is regulated by MBNL, and we have confirmed the abnormal inclusion of exon 6A instead of exon 6B in SCN5A mRNA in heart of DM patients, resulting in the decrease of SCN5A channel activity. This decrease could explain the cardiac defects of DM patients