Morfologia, anatomia e ultraestrutura foliar de Froelichia tomentosa (Mart.) Moq. (Amaranthaceae) - uma espécie criticamente ameaçada de extinção no Brasil

In Brazil, Froelichia tomentosa (Mart.) Moq. has records of occurrence in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Bahia, however, in the former there are indications that its populations are extinct. In the RS, the records are restricted to the region of sandy- fields. In this region, biodiversity has been threatened by advances in agriculture and forestry that intensified in the sandy patch process. Therefore, this work aimed to describe the morphoanatomy and ultrastructure of the leaf blade in Froelichia tomentosa, seeking to correlate leaf characteristics to the environmental conditions. Individuals from different populations in the sand- fields (Pampa biome) were sampled. Leaf blade analyzes were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (MET) and optical microscopy (MO). The following anatomical features were verified: epidermis with trichomes and stomata in the adaxial and abaxial surface, compact mesophyll, aquiferous hypodermis, Kranz anatomy, and numerous plastoglobules and peroxisomes. The presence of these characters may be related to the adaptation of this species to environment. In addition, we highlight the necessity to create conservation units in the sand-fields region, in order to preserve species as well as that of the present study.No Brasil, Froelichia tomentosa (Mart.) Moq. possui registros de ocorrência no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e na Bahia, no entanto, no primeiro há indícios de que suas populações estão extintas. No RS, os registros são restritos à região dos campos arenosos. Nessa região vem sofrendo redução da biodiversidade, devido à intensificação do processo de arenização. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a morfoanatomia e a ultraestrutura da lâmina foliar de Froelichia tomentosa, buscando correlacionar as características foliares às condições ambientais. Foram amostrados indivíduos de diferentes populações nos campos de areia (bioma Pampa), as análises da lâmina foliar foram realizadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e microscopia óptica (MO). Verificou-se as seguintes características anatômicas: epiderme com tricomas e estômatos na superfície adaxial e abaxial, mesofilo compacto, hipoderme aquífero, anatomia de Kranz e numerosos plastoglóbulos e peroxissomos. A presença desses caracteres pode estar relacionada à adaptação dessa espécie ao ambiente. Além disso, destacamos a necessidade de criação de unidades de conservação na região de areia, a fim de preservar espécies, bem como a do presente estudo

VALORIZAÇÃO DOS ESPAÇOS ATRATIVOS NATURAIS NO MUNICÍPIO DE VESPASIANO CORRÊA, RIO GRANDE DO SUL.

The practice of tourism is increasing a lot due to the necessity of running away from the big caos in big city centers and also due to the recent growth of environmental awareness. Among many options there are the rural places and the natural landscapes. The landscape of the municipality of Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul offers potential to the turism practice. This study has the objective of indicating natural areas to practice tourism and define strategies for the sustainable exploration of these places. An interview with local inhabitants was done to define the better places. The areas mentioned by the locals were found in the municipality map and the three most indicated ones were tracked to have descriptions, such as vegetation, physical aspects and the present preservation conditions. Then, strategies for the sustainable exploration of the areas and its recovering from the environmental damages were defined. The most indicated areas were the complex of the Viaduto 13, Cascata Rasga Diabo and Cascata Camping. The main environmental problems observed were the invasion of exotic species of vegetation, the permanent occupation of the preservation areas by constructions and the presence of solid wastes. It’s suggested the elaboration of an environmental project to remove the exotic vegetal species, the construction in the preservation areas and the implementation of a touristic project based on environmental education.A prática do turismo vem crescendo muito graças à necessidade de fuga do modo de vida nos centros urbanos e ao recente aumento da conscientização ambiental. Dentre as opções estão os espaços rurais e as paisagens naturais. A paisagem do município de Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul oferece potencial para a prática do turismo. O estudo teve como objetivos indicar áreas propícias à prática do turismo e definir estratégias para a exploração sustentável desses locais. Uma entrevista com munícipes serviu para indicar os locais de maior preferência. Esses foram localizados no mapa do município e os três mais indicados foram descritos quanto à vegetação, aos aspectos físicos e às condições de preservação em que se encontram. Foram então listadas estratégias para a exploração sustentável e para a recuperação dos danos ambientais existentes. Os locais mais indicados foram o Complexo do Viaduto 13, Cascata Rasga Diabo e Cascata Camping. Os principais danos observados foram invasão de espécies vegetais exóticas, ocupação das áreas de preservação e presença de resíduos sólidos. Sugere-se a elaboração de um projeto ambiental para a retirada das espécies vegetais exóticas e das construções nas áreas de preservação e a implantação de um projeto turístico embasado na educação ambiental

Floristic diversity in areas of sandy soil grasslands in Southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Extensive natural grasslands areas in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul occur on sandy soils, which are susceptible to the sandy patch process. This process leads to the formation of large sandy patches, which constitutes a large-scale environmental problem. In grassland areas undergoing sandy patch processes in Alegrete, Manoel Viana and São Francisco de Assis municipalities, we recorded the occurrence of 343 species, 195 genera and 52 botanical families, with two new records for Rio Grande do Sul State (Eragrostis articulata (Schrank) Nees and Eragrostis leucosticta Nees ex Döll) and one for Brazil (Croton lorentzii Müll. Arg. ex Griseb.). The families with higher specific richness were Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae and Myrtaceae. From the whole species set, 19 species show a restricted distribution area, seven of these are exclusive to Rio Grande do Sul’s grasslands and 16 are considered as extinction threatened. (Diversidade florística dos campos em áreas de solos arenosos do sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Extensas áreas de campo do sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul ocorrem sobre solos arenosos, suscetíveis ao processo de arenização. Esse processo conduz à formação de grandes manchas de areia, constituindo um problema ambiental de grande escala. Em campos, com o processo de arenização nos municípios de Alegrete, Manoel Viana e São Francisco de Assis, foi registrada a ocorrência de 343 espécies, 195 gêneros e 52 famílias botânicas, com duas novas citações para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Eragrostis articulata (Schrank) Nees e Eragrostis leucosticta Nees ex Döll) e uma para o Brasi (Croton lorentzii Müll. Arg. ex Griseb). As famílias com maior riqueza foram Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae e Myrtaceae. Do total de espécies, 19 apresentam área de dispersão restrita, sendo sete exclusivas dos campos do Rio Grande do Sul e 16 consideradas ameaçadas de extinção.

ESTRUTURA DO COMPONENTE ARBÓREO E ARBORESCENTEDE UM FRAGMENTO URBANO NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÉRIO, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL

Urban forest fragments surrounded by housing matrix are a source of richness and can function as a conservation site in the relation between the living beings and the environment. The present study have as aim to describe the community structure of tree and arborescent species in a urban forest fragment in the municipality of Sério, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome, phytoecological formation Montane Deciduous Forest. The floristic inventory was produced through walking method, reaching the total fragment area, in monthly field incursions. For sampling, 40 sampling units (UA’s) of 100 m² were scattered, with distance of 20 meters in between them. Inside the UAs, it was obtained the height and circumference at the chest height (CAP) of all specimens which have CAP equal or higher than 15 cm. It was estimated the parameters of dominancy, density, frequency, absolute and relative, and the importance value index (IVI). The floristic inventory found 59 trees and arborescent species belonging to 48 genera and 30 families. In the quantitative inventory, 535 tree specimens belonging to 42 genera and 27 families were sampled. Among the species, three are exotic and three are in the threatened species list of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The absolute density was estimated in 1,338 individuals/ha-1. Actinostemon concolor showed the denser values (140 ind.ha-1), followed by Alchornea triplinervia e Eugenia rostrifolia, both with 108 ind.ha-1. The species with the great IVI’s were Alchornea triplinervia, Vernonanthura discolor, Actinostemon concolor, Eugenia rostrifolia and Araucaria angustifolia. The estimated diversity found through the Shanon Index (Hʼ) was 3.35, and the equability of Pielou (Jʼ) was 0.85, denoting a consistent species diversity. The fragment can be seen as an important shelter for the regional wild fauna and flora. However, to still working in its ecological roles we concluded that conservation and protection measures are needed in this area, being the removal of exotic species the first step to be taken.Fragmentos urbanos rodeados por uma matriz habitacional constituem uma porção de floresta que preserva a riqueza e serve para conservação das relações dos seres vivos entre si e com o ambiente. O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever a comunidade arbórea e arborescente do fragmento florestal urbano no município de Sério, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), inserido no Bioma Mata Atlântica, na formação fitoecológica da Floresta Estacional Decidual Montana. O levantamento florístico foi realizado através do método de caminhamento, atingindo toda a área, em saídas mensais. Para a amostragem, foram distribuídas 40 unidades amostrais (UAs) de 100 m², distantes 20 metros entre si. Dentro das UAs foram obtidos os dados de altura e circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) de todos os indivíduos com CAP igual ou superior a 15 cm. Foram estimados os parâmetros de dominância, densidade e frequência, absolutas e relativas, e o índice de valor de importância (IVI). O levantamento florístico indicou a ocorrência de 59 espécies arbóreas e arborescentes pertencentes a 48 gêneros e 30 famílias. No levantamento quantitativo foram amostrados 535 indivíduos arbóreos pertencentes a 51 espécies distribuídas em 42 gêneros e 27 famílias. Dentre as espécies, três são exóticas e três encontram-se na lista das espécies ameaçadas de extinção do RS. A densidade absoluta foi estimada em 1.338 ind.ha-1. Actinostemon concolor apresentou os maiores valores de densidade (140 ind.ha-1), seguida por Alchornea triplinervia e Eugenia rostrifolia, ambas com 108 ind.ha-1. As espécies com os maiores IVIs foram Alchornea triplinervia, Vernonanthura discolor, Actinostemon concolor, Eugenia rostrifolia e Araucaria angustifolia. A diversidade estimada pelo índice de Shannon (Hʼ) foi de 3,35 e a equabilidade de Pielou (Jʼ) de 0,85, apontando uma considerável diversidade de espécies. O fragmento constitui um importante refúgio de espécies da flora nativa regional e, para que continue a cumprir com sua função ecológica, é necessária a implantação de medidas que visem a sua preservação, tais como, a eliminação dos indivíduos de espécies exóticas

TREE AND ARBORESCENT COMPOSITION IN A URBAN FOREST FRAGMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF S\uc9RIO, RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL

Fragmentos urbanos rodeados por uma matriz habitacional constituem uma por\ue7\ue3o de floresta que preserva a riqueza e serve para conserva\ue7\ue3o das rela\ue7\uf5es dos seres vivos entre si e com o ambiente. O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever a comunidade arb\uf3rea e arborescente do fragmento florestal urbano no munic\uedpio de S\ue9rio, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), inserido no Bioma Mata Atl\ue2ntica, na forma\ue7\ue3o fitoecol\uf3gica da Floresta Estacional Decidual Montana. O levantamento flor\uedstico foi realizado atrav\ue9s do m\ue9todo de caminhamento, atingindo toda a \ue1rea, em sa\ueddas mensais. Para a amostragem, foram distribu\ueddas 40 unidades amostrais (UAs) de 100 m\ub2, distantes 20 metros entre si. Dentro das UAs foram obtidos os dados de altura e circunfer\ueancia a altura do peito (CAP) de todos os indiv\uedduos com CAP igual ou superior a 15 cm. Foram estimados os par\ue2metros de domin\ue2ncia, densidade e frequ\ueancia, absolutas e relativas, e o \uedndice de valor de import\ue2ncia (IVI). O levantamento flor\uedstico indicou a ocorr\ueancia de 59 esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas e arborescentes pertencentes a 48 g\ueaneros e 30 fam\uedlias. No levantamento quantitativo foram amostrados 535 indiv\uedduos arb\uf3reos pertencentes a 51 esp\ue9cies distribu\ueddas em 42 g\ueaneros e 27 fam\uedlias. Dentre as esp\ue9cies, tr\ueas s\ue3o ex\uf3ticas e tr\ueas encontram-se na lista das esp\ue9cies amea\ue7adas de extin\ue7\ue3o do RS. A densidade absoluta foi estimada em 1.338 ind.ha-1. Actinostemon concolor apresentou os maiores valores de densidade (140 ind. ha-1), seguida por Alchornea triplinervia e Eugenia rostrifolia , ambas com 108 ind.ha-1. As esp\ue9cies com os maiores IVIs foram Alchornea triplinervia , Vernonanthura discolor , Actinostemon concolor, Eugenia rostrifolia e Araucaria angustifolia . A diversidade estimada pelo \uedndice de Shannon (H\u2bc) foi de 3,35 e a equabilidade de Pielou (J\u2bc) de 0,85, apontando uma consider\ue1vel diversidade de esp\ue9cies. O fragmento constitui um importante ref\ufagio de esp\ue9cies da flora nativa regional e, para que continue a cumprir com sua fun\ue7\ue3o ecol\uf3gica, \ue9 necess\ue1ria a implanta\ue7\ue3o de medidas que visem a sua preserva\ue7\ue3o, tais como, a elimina\ue7\ue3o dos indiv\uedduos de esp\ue9cies ex\uf3ticas.Urban forest fragments surrounded by housing matrix are a source of richness and can function as a conservation site in the relation between the living beings and the environment. The present study have as aim to describe the community structure of tree and arborescent species in a urban forest fragment in the municipality of S\ue9rio, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome, phytoecological formation Montane Deciduous Forest. The floristic inventory was produced through walking method, reaching the total fragment area, in monthly field incursions. For sampling, 40 sampling units (UA\u2019s) of 100 m\ub2 were scattered, with distance of 20 meters in between them. Inside the UAs, it was obtained the height and circumference at the chest height (CAP) of all specimens which have CAP equal or higher than 15 cm. It was estimated the parameters of dominancy, density, frequency, absolute and relative, and the importance value index (IVI). The floristic inventory found 59 trees and arborescent species belonging to 48 genera and 30 families. In the quantitative inventory, 535 tree specimens belonging to 42 genera and 27 families were sampled. Among the species, three are exotic and three are in the threatened species list of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The absolute density was estimated in 1,338 individuals/ha-1. Actinostemon concolor showed the denser values (140 ind.ha-1), followed by Alchornea triplinervia e Eugenia rostrifolia , both with 108 ind.ha-1. The species with the great IVI\u2019s were Alchornea triplinervia, Vernonanthura discolor , Actinostemon concolor, Eugenia rostrifolia and Araucaria angustifolia . The estimated diversity found through the Shanon Index (H\u2bc) was 3.35, and the equability of Pielou (J\u2bc) was 0.85, denoting a consistent species diversity. The fragment can be seen as an important shelter for the regional wild fauna and flora. However, to still working in its ecological roles we concluded that conservation and protection measures are needed in this area, being the removal of exotic species the first step to be taken.

Propagation of Passifl ora caerulea L. through striking

Passifl ora caerulea L. apresenta potencial para exploração, mas não é produzida para fi ns comerciais no Brasil e não existem estudos que defi nam métodos de produção de mudas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade de propagação de P. caerulea por estaquia com uso de concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Estacas foram imersas por um minuto em solução hidroalcoólica de AIB (0, 250, 500, 750 e 1500 mg L-1). Após 60 dias, as estacas foram avaliadas quanto ao comprimento das raízes, altura da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. O enraizamento foi superior a 50% das estacas, mesmo sem o uso de AIB. O porcentual de estacas mortas aumentou na medida em que aumentou a concentração da auxina, indicando possível toxicidade aos tecidos. Portanto, o uso de auxina não é indicado para a propagação da espécie por estaquiaPassiflora caerulea L. has potential for exploration, but is not produced for commercial purposes in Brazil. There is also a lack of studies defi ning production methods of saplings. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of propagation of P. caerulea through striking, by using indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrations. The cuttings were immersed for one minute in an IBA water-alcohol solution (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1500 mg L-1). After 60 days, the cuttings were assessed to measure root length, height of the aerial portion, as well as fresh and dry masses. The data were submitted to an analysis of variance and regression. The rooting was greater than 50% of the cuttings, even without the usage of IBA. The percentage of dead cuttings increased as auxin concentration increased, indicating potential tissue toxicity. Thus, auxin is not recommended for propagation of this species through striking

Propagação vegetativa de uma espécie endêmica do bioma Pampa.

The definition of vegetative propagation methodologies is an alternative for the preservation of endangered native species with potential for economic exploitation, as Hesperozygis ringens. Thus, this study aims to verify the possibility of propagating this species through cutting, testing different substrates and types of cuttings, and comparing the propagation through cuttings obtained from atock plants in a greenhouse and directly in the field. Apical and non-apical cuttings, 6.0cm long, obtained from material from the field and greenhouse, were propagated in trays containing carbonized rice husk and a mixture of carbonized rice husk with coconut fiber powder (2:1, v/v) as substrates. Completely randomized blocks were used in a 2x2 factorial design, with four replicates of 10 cuttings. The plantlets production of H. ringens by cutting is feasible, since it presents a high rooting percentage even when propagules are collected in plants of populations in situ. However, when collected from plants in a greenhouse, the root system of plantlets presents a higher quality than that obtained in field, making possible the production and establishment of plantlets in greenhouses

Stratification of yerba mate seeds in a commercial nursery and the emergence monitoring

Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is a native species in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Propagation is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g "L" ^"-1"  of slow-release fertilizer (16-8-12 - 6 months); Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand with slow-release fertilizer favors the emergence of yerba mate seedlings.The propagation of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g  of controlled-release fertilizer; Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand, combined with controlled-release fertilizer favors yerba mate seedlings emergence. After 180-days of emergence in germinator plants at 25°C, there is an increase in non-viable seeds amount. Seeds that did not undergo the stratification process do not germinate and present a higher dormant seeds percentage after 180-days of emergence