814 research outputs found
Recovery and separation of precious metals from space
During the past year a viable procedure centered around centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), a multistage liquid-liquid partitioning technique for the separation of precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru), was developed. Stable and inexpensive ligands that can be readily recycled to achieve the separations of the precious metals were identified. The separation methods developed so far yield three separate fractions: Pt, Pd, and Rh-Ir. The Rh-Ir pair can be separated in a subsequent run. The total amount of precious metals separated in a single experiment varied from 1 to 50 mg. The factors affecting the efficiencies of these separations were studied. The kinetics of the decomposition of the complex and the ion pair have a major bearing on these efficiencies, with slow kinetics resulting in poor efficiencies. The methods for the improvement of the efficiencies were also investigated. For example, significant improvement in the efficiencies and separation times for Pt and Pd were achieved by the use of chloride gradient in the mobile phase. Two papers were published and talks were presented on our work at the FACSS meeting in Anaheim, Oct. 1991, and at the Pittsburgh Conference in New Orleans, Mar. 1992
Recovery of precious metals from space
The overall objective is to develop efficient and economical separation and recovery methods for the platinum group and other precious metals. The separation of Pd(II) from Pt(II), Ir(III), and Rh(III) with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in heptane using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was investigated. Activities to achieve this objective focussed on selection and evaluation of extraction systems for the PGM and modification of selected systems for multistage operation with a view to scaling up to desired macro levels. On the basis of preliminary evaluation of a series of simple metal complexing agents and chelating agents, the TOPO in heptane was selected as a likely system for isolating of Pd(II) and Pt(II) from the other PGM. A multistage apparatus capable of configuration as a simple rugged device, a centrifugal partition chromatograph (CPC), was shown to be effective. The extraction of Pd(II) was studied by CPC and batch solvent extraction. The distribution ratios for Pd(II) determined by both methods agree well. In low HCl concentrations (less than 0.1 M), the extracted species was PdCl2.(TOPO)2, irrespective of the chloride concentration, while at acid concentrations above 0.1 M, the Pd was extracted as the ion pair, 2(TOPO.H+).(PdCl4)2-. Base line separation of Pd(II) and Pt(II) in CPC was obtained under a variety of chloride and HCl concentration. It was demonstrated that the efficiency of CPC for metal separation was limited by chemical kinetic factors rather than instrumental factors, strongly suggesting that dramatic improvements can be achieved by studying reaction kinetics of formation and dissociation of the extractable metal complex
Quantum description of the orientational degrees of freedom in a biaxial nematic liquid
The quantum mechanical version of a classical model for studying the
orientational degrees of freedom corresponding to a nematic liquid composed of
biaxial molecules is presented. The effective degrees of freedom are described
by operators carrying an SU(3) representation, which allows the explicit
calculation of the partition function in the mean field approximation. The
algebraic consistency conditions are solved numerically and the equilibrium
phases of the system are determined. In particular, the entropy, the specific
heat and the order parameters are presented for different choices of the
constituent biaxial molecules. Our results reproduce the classical calculation
in the limit of high temperatures and high quantum numbers.Comment: 33 pages, Latex, 11 figure
Electronic excited state of protonated aromatic molecules: protonated Fluorene
The photo-fragmentation spectrum of protonated fluorene has been recorded in
the visible spectral region, largely red shifted as compared to the first
excited state absorption of neutral fluorene. The spectrum shows two different
vibrational progressions, separated by 0.19 eV that are assigned to the
absorption of two isomers. As in protonated linear PAHs, comparison with
ab-initio calculations indicates that the red shift is due to the charge
transfer character of the excited state
Dynamic hysteresis from zigzag domain walls
We investigate dynamic hysteresis in ferromagnetic thin films with zigzag
domain walls. We introduce a discrete model describing the motion of a wall in
a disordered ferromagnet with in-plane magnetization, driven by an external
magnetic field, considering the effects of dipolar interactions and anisotropy.
We analyze the effects of external field frequency and temperature on the
coercive field by Monte Carlo simulations, and find a good agreement with the
experimental data reported in literature for Fe/GaAs films. This implies that
dynamic hysteresis in this case can be explained by a single propagating domain
wall model without invoking domain nucleation.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures; minor modifications and two figures adde
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Reactions of metal ions and their clusters in the gas phase using laser ionization--Fourier transform mass spectrometry
Carbon clusters of the form C{sub N}{sup {minus}} are observed at least out to N = 30 confirming that cluster formation is occurring in the high pressure waiting room'' of the supersonic cluster source. This can be stated unequivocally, since only up to N = 13 is observed by direct laser desorption of a carbon target in the absence of supersonic expansion. Currently underway is a systematic investigation of a wide variety of M{sup +}-C{sub n}H{sub 2n} species with n = 2--10 and M = first and second row transition metal ions. In addition we will shortly apply this methodology to doubly charged ions and metal cluster ions. All indications are that this area will be highly productive
Barkhausen noise from zigzag domain walls
We investigate the Barkhausen noise in ferromagnetic thin films with zigzag
domain walls. We use a cellular automaton model that describes the motion of a
zigzag domain wall in an impure ferromagnetic quasi-two dimensional sample with
in-plane uniaxial magnetization at zero temperature, driven by an external
magnetic field. The main ingredients of this model are the dipolar spin-spin
interactions and the anisotropy energy. A power law behavior with a cutoff is
found for the probability distributions of size, duration and correlation
length of the Barkhausen avalanches, and the critical exponents are in
agreement with the available experiments. The link between the size and the
duration of the avalanches is analyzed too, and a power law behavior is found
for the average size of an avalanche as a function of its duration.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figure
Resultados
PublishedUn total de 33 cuidadores secundarios con formación técnica en enfermería fueron incluidos en el análisis, la mayoría de sexo femenino (97%); el 64% se encontraba en edades entre los 18 y 27 años y un 9% estaba por encima de los 37 años. Con relación al nivel socioeconómico, los participantes eran de estrato 1 a 3; el estrato más frecuente fue el dos (58%) seguido del estrato 1 (30%)
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