Contribuição à análise da insegurança no trabalho e ao projeto de máquinas mais seguras

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica

Analyse du cours de l’action et projet anthropocentré : contributions à la conception de systèmes automatisés

Depuis la décennie de 1950, les échecs de développement de technologies anthropocentriques laissent à penser que les principes généraux de conception ouvrent la voie aux projets sociotechniques bien que ces derniers soient peu opérationnels pour articuler les aspects sociaux, subjectifs et techniques. Cet article démontre comment la théorie du « cours de l’action », qui appartient au champ de l’ergonomie de « l’activité », contribue à rendre cette articulation effective. Sur la base d’un cas d’automation de petites centrales hydro-électriques (PCHs), où des concepts et méthodes de la théorie du cours de l’action ont été utilisés, nous démontrons la nécessité d’une praxéologie empirique afin de traiter les interfaces entre H-H (formation) et H-M (automation), appelées aussi systèmes H-H-M. Du point de vue théorique, les contributions de cet article s’inscrivent au niveau du pôle technologique du Programme de Recherche du Cours de l’Action et, en termes pratiques, il s’agit d’une alerte afin que l’industrie 4.0 ne reproduise pas le mythe de l’usine « sans hommes ».Since the 1950s, failures in the development of anthropocentric technologies have suggested that general design principles open the way for socio-technical projects. However, the latter do not sufficiently integrate the social, subjective and technical aspects underlying every kind of industrial project. This article shows how the “course of action” theory, which is part of the “activity” field of ergonomics, supports this integration. This is achieved by demonstrating how the concepts and methods of the course of action theory, used to design new work situations when automating small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), leads to a broader empirical praxeology for addressing H-H (training) and H-M (automation) interfaces, or H-H-M systems. Theoretically, this article contributes to the technological pole of the Course of Action Research Programme, while in practical terms it warns Industry 4.0 professionals not to repeat the old myth (and expression) of the “unmanned factory”

Análise do Curso de Ação e do Projeto Antropocêntrico: contribuições para a conceção de sistemas automatizados

Fracassos no desenvolvimento de tecnologias antropocêntricas, desde os anos 1950, sugerem que os princípios gerais de conceção abrem espaços para projetos sociotécnicos, mas são pouco operacionais para integrar o social, o subjetivo e o técnico. Este artigo mostra como a teoria do “curso da ação”, que faz parte do campo da ergonomia da “atividade”, contribui para efetivar essa integração. Com base num caso de automação de pequenas centrais hidroelétricas (PCHs), onde conceitos e métodos da teoria do curso de ação foram utilizados no projeto de novas situações de trabalho, demonstra-se, de forma mais ampla, a necessidade de uma praxeologia empírica para tratar interfaces H-H (formação) e H-M (automação), ou sistemas H-H-M. Teoricamente, as contribuições deste artigo situam-se no polo tecnológico do Programa de Pesquisa do Curso de Ação e, em termos práticos, constitui um alerta para que a indústria 4.0 não repita o mito da fábrica “sem homens”.Fracasos en el desarrollo de tecnologías antropocéntricas, desde la década de 1950, sugieren que principios generales del diseño abren espacios para proyectos socio-técnicos, pero no son muy operativos para integrar lo social, lo subjetivo y lo técnico. Este artículo muestra cómo la teoría del “curso de acción” (TCA), que forma parte del campo de la ergonomía de la “actividad”, contribuye a efectuar esta integración. Utilizando un caso de automatización de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas, donde se emplearon conceptos y métodos de la TCA en el diseño de nuevas situaciones de trabajo, se demuestra la necesidad de una praxeología empírica para manejar interfaces H-H (capacitación), H-M (automatización), o sistemas H-H-M. Teóricamente, los aportes de este artículo se ubican en el polo tecnológico del Programa de Investigación del Curso de Acción y, en términos prácticos, es una alerta para que la Industria 4.0 no repita el mito de la fábrica "sin hombres".Depuis la décennie de 1950, les échecs de développement de technologies anthropocentriques laissent à penser que les principes de conception de projets sociotechniques sont peu opérationnels pour articuler les aspects sociaux, subjectifs et techniques. Cet article démontre comment la théorie du "cours d’’action", qui appartient au champ de l’ergonomie de "l’activité", contribue à rendre cette articulation plus effective. Sur la base d’un cas d’automation de petites centrales hydro-électriques (PCHs), où des concepts et méthodes de la théorie du cours d’’action ont été utilisés, nous démontrons la nécessité d’une praxéologie empirique pour traiter les interfaces entre H-H (formation) et H-M (automation) des systèmes H-H-M. Du point de vue théorique, les contributions de cet article s’inscrivent au niveau du pôle technologique du Programme de Recherche du Cours d’’Action et, en termes pratiques, il s’agit d’une alerte afin que l’industrie 4.0 ne reproduise pas le mythe de l’usine "sans hommes".Since the 1950s, failures in the development of anthropocentric technologies suggest that general design principles open the way for socio-technical projects. However, the latter do not sufficiently integrate the social, the subjective and the technical aspects underlying any kind of industrial project. This paper shows how the "course of action" theory, which is part of the "activity" ergonomics field, supports this integration. This is achieved by showing how the concepts and methods of the course of action theory, used to design new work situations when automating small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), leads to a broader empirical praxeology for addressing H-H (training) and H-M (automation) interfaces, or H-H-M systems. Theoretically, this paper contributes to the technological pole of the Research Program of the Course of Action while, in practical terms, it warns Industry 4.0 professionals not to repeat the old myth (and expression) of the "manless factory"

Espaços de conexões: uma alternativa para a inovação aberta / Connection spaces: an alternative for open innovation

Apesar do ritmo acelerado do campo do empreendedorismo de base tecnológica, as empresas também denominadas “startups” têm uma dinâmica ainda confusa e incerta apresentando altas taxas de mortalidade. Neste contexto, os empreendedores desempenham um papel fundamental na busca de estratégias para reduzir o risco a partir de redes colaborativas que permitam facilitar os processos de desenvolvimento e disseminação de uma novidade em um ambiente específico. Em Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, nasce um espaço de conexões denominado Orbi, que busca promover a inovação e o empreendedorismo por meio de diferentes conexões e alianças estratégicas entre “startups” e grandes empresas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é desenvolver uma análise deste espaço, identificando as conexões e interações existentes, a forma em que os diferentes atores identificam e exploram oportunidades; e os benefícios reais gerados, buscando compreender o papel deste tipo de iniciativas dentro dos ecossistemas de inovação de empreendedorismo de uma região.  Como resultado desta análise, identificou-se a dinâmica e importância do “Capital Social” nas relações entre startups e grandes empresas, como elemento chave na aquisição de recursos, geração de oportunidades e consolidação de parcerias entre os atores envolvidos. Assim, inciativas como o Orbi tornam-se atores chave e estratégicos para catalisar a criação desse Capital Social, e, de outro lado acompanhar estes relacionamentos buscando superar a “fragilidade” identificada nas startups, e facilitar a criação de condições mais favoráveis nas grandes empresas para uma melhor adaptação destas duas realidades

Soroprevalência de anticorpos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em escolares no município de São Paulo, 2020

OBJECTIVE: To estimate seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in schoolchildren aged 4 to 14 years living in the city of São Paulo, according to clinical, demographic, epidemiological, and social variables, during the school closure period as a measure against covid-19 spread. METHODS: A serological survey was made in September 2020 with a random sample stratified by school system (municipal public, state public and private) type. A venous blood sample was collected using the Wondfo SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (lateral flow method) for detection of total SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to collect clinical, demographic, social, and epidemiological data. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in schoolchildren was of 16.6% (95%CI 15.4–17.8). The study found higher seroprevalence in the municipal (18.5%; 95%CI 16.6–20.6) and state (16.2%; 95%CI 14.4–18.2) public school systems compared to the private school system (11.7; 95%CI 10.0–13.7), among black and brown students (18.4%; 95%CI 16.8–20.2) and in the most vulnerable social stratum (18.5 %;95%CI 16.9–20.2). Lower seroprevalence was identified in schoolchildren who reported following the recommended protective measures against covid-19. CONCLUSION: Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is found mainly in the most socially vulnerable schoolchildren. This study can contribute to support public policies that reinforce the importance of suspending face-to-face classes and developing strategies aimed at protective measures and monitoring of the serological status of those who have not yet been included in the vaccination schedule.OBJETIVO: Estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em escolares de quatro a 14 anos de idade residentes no município de São Paulo, segundo variáveis clínicas, demográficas, epidemiológicas e sociais, durante o período de fechamento das escolas como medida de controle da covid-19. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um inquérito sorológico em setembro de 2020 com amostra aleatória estratificada por tipo de rede de ensino (pública municipal, pública estadual e privada). Foi coletada amostra de sangue venoso utilizando-se o teste de imunoensaio de fluxo lateral da fabricante Wondfo para detecção de anticorpos totais contra o vírus SARS-CoV-2. Aplicaram-se questionários semiestruturados para o levantamento de dados clínicos, demográficos, sociais e epidemiológicos. RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência de anticorpos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em escolares foi de 16,6% (IC95% 15,4–17,8). O estudo encontrou soroprevalências mais elevadas na rede pública municipal (18,5%; IC95% 16,6–20,6) e estadual (16,2%; IC95% 14,4–18,2) em relação à rede privada (11,7; IC95% 10,0–13,7) e entre escolares da raça/cor preta e parda (18,4%; IC95% 16,8–20,2) e no estrato social mais vulnerável (18,5%; IC95% 16,9–20,2). A pesquisa identificou menores soroprevalências nos escolares que relataram seguir as medidas recomendadas de proteção contra a covid-19. CONCLUSÃO: A soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o vírus SARS-CoV-2 atinge principalmente os escolares socialmente mais vulneráveis. Este estudo pode contribuir para embasar políticas públicas que reforcem a importância da suspensão das aulas presenciais e da necessidade de estratégias de medidas de proteção e acompanhamento do status sorológico daqueles que ainda não foram contemplados no calendário vacinal

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions