Genomic selection in rubber tree breeding: A comparison of models and methods for managing G×E interactions

Several genomic prediction models combining genotype × environment (G×E) interactions have recently been developed and used for genomic selection (GS) in plant breeding programs. G×E interactions reduce selection accuracy and limit genetic gains in plant breeding. Two data sets were used to compare the prediction abilities of multienvironment G×E genomic models and two kernel methods. Specifically, a linear kernel, or GB (genomic best linear unbiased predictor [GBLUP]), and a nonlinear kernel, or Gaussian kernel (GK), were used to compare the prediction accuracies (PAs) of four genomic prediction models: 1) a single-environment, main genotypic effect model (SM); 2) a multienvironment, main genotypic effect model (MM); 3) a multienvironment, single-variance G×E deviation model (MDs); and 4) a multienvironment, environment-specific variance G×E deviation model (MDe). We evaluated the utility of genomic selection (GS) for 435 individual rubber trees at two sites and genotyped the individuals via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Prediction models were used to estimate stem circumference (SC) during the first 4 years of tree development in conjunction with a broad-sense heritability (H2) of 0.60. Applying the model (SM, MM, MDs, and MDe) and kernel method (GB and GK) combinations to the rubber tree data revealed that the multienvironment models were superior to the single-environment genomic models, regardless of the kernel (GB or GK) used, suggesting that introducing interactions between markers and environmental conditions increases the proportion of variance explained by the model and, more importantly, the PA. Compared with the classic breeding method (CBM), methods in which GS is incorporated resulted in a 5-fold increase in response to selection for SC with multienvironment GS (MM, MDe, or MDs). Furthermore, GS resulted in a more balanced selection response for SC and contributed to a reduction in selection time when used in conjunction with traditional genetic breeding programs. Given the rapid advances in genotyping methods and their declining costs and given the overall costs of large-scale progeny testing and shortened breeding cycles, we expect GS to be implemented in rubber tree breeding programs

Trastornos musculoesqueléticos en atletas de balonmano: un estudio de caso

El balonmano tiende a tener lesiones musculoesqueléticas, es importante analizar a los atletas para mejorar el entrenamiento de los atletas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las áreas más lesionadas en los atletas de balonmano en la ciudad de. Se seleccionaron atletas con al menos tres años de práctica y se aplicó el Cuestionario de disfunción musculoesquelética nórdica. Se entrevistó a 13 atletas de 20 ± 6.20 años y se descubrió que las regiones más afectadas eran rodilla y hombro. Se concluyó que la rodilla y el hombro son líderes en trastornos musculoesqueléticos, los mecanismos de lesión están relacionados con el volumen de entrenamiento y el trauma durante los partidos.UY-MoUC

A divide-and-conquer approach for genomic prediction in rubber tree using machine learning

International audienceRubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is the main feedstock for commercial rubber; however, its long vegetative cycle has hindered the development of more productive varieties via breeding programs. With the availability of H. brasiliensis genomic data, several linkage maps with associated quantitative trait loci have been constructed and suggested as a tool for marker-assisted selection. Nonetheless, novel genomic strategies are still needed, and genomic selection (GS) may facilitate rubber tree breeding programs aimed at reducing the required cycles for performance assessment. Even though such a methodology has already been shown to be a promising tool for rubber tree breeding, increased model predictive capabilities and practical application are still needed. Here, we developed a novel machine learning-based approach for predicting rubber tree stem circumference based on molecular markers. Through a divide-and-conquer strategy, we propose a neural network prediction system with two stages: (1) subpopulation prediction and (2) phenotype estimation. This approach yielded higher accuracies than traditional statistical models in a single-environment scenario. By delivering large accuracy improvements, our methodology represents a powerful tool for use in Hevea GS strategies. Therefore, the incorporation of machine learning techniques into rubber tree GS represents an opportunity to build more robust models and optimize Hevea breeding programs

A divide-and-conquer approach for genomic prediction in rubber tree using machine learning

International audienceRubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is the main feedstock for commercial rubber; however, its long vegetative cycle has hindered the development of more productive varieties via breeding programs. With the availability of H. brasiliensis genomic data, several linkage maps with associated quantitative trait loci have been constructed and suggested as a tool for marker-assisted selection. Nonetheless, novel genomic strategies are still needed, and genomic selection (GS) may facilitate rubber tree breeding programs aimed at reducing the required cycles for performance assessment. Even though such a methodology has already been shown to be a promising tool for rubber tree breeding, increased model predictive capabilities and practical application are still needed. Here, we developed a novel machine learning-based approach for predicting rubber tree stem circumference based on molecular markers. Through a divide-and-conquer strategy, we propose a neural network prediction system with two stages: (1) subpopulation prediction and (2) phenotype estimation. This approach yielded higher accuracies than traditional statistical models in a single-environment scenario. By delivering large accuracy improvements, our methodology represents a powerful tool for use in Hevea GS strategies. Therefore, the incorporation of machine learning techniques into rubber tree GS represents an opportunity to build more robust models and optimize Hevea breeding programs

ANEMIA HEMOLÍTICA IMUNOMEDIADA ASSOCIADA À MICOPLASMOSE EM UM CÃO

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (AHIM) is a type II hypersensitivity reaction, where red blood cell destruction occurs or increases. It can be divided into primary, characterized by not having an underlying cause, and secondary, which can be caused by infectious agents, such as mycoplasmosis, neoplasms, drugs and transfusions. The objective of this work was to perform a clinical and laboratory analysis of a dog with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia due to Mycoplasma spp. A five-months-old female Pit Bull dog was taken to the hospital presenting vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia. On physical examination, it was possible to observe the presence of ticks and icteric mucous membranes. In hematological exams, it was possible to show morphological changes in red blood cells that characterize immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and the presence of the parasite Mycoplasma spp. In the biochemical analyzes it was observed increased serum levels of creatinine and urea. It can be concluded that the observation of Mycoplasma spp. in blood vessels associated with erythrocyte morphological changes are of relevant importance for the diagnosis of AHIM, thus assisting in the practice of a better method of therapy, contributing to the patient's prognosis.A anemia hemolítica imunomediada (AHIM) é uma reação de hipersensibilidade tipo II onde ocorre o aumento da destruição das hemácias. Ela pode ser dividida em primaria, caracterizada por não ter uma causa subjacente, e em secundária, pode ser causada por agentes infecciosos, como a micoplasmose,neoplasias, medicamentos e transfusões. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma análise clínica e laboratorial de um cão com anemia hemolítica imunomediada decorrente da Mycoplasma spp. Uma cadela da raça Pit Bull, com 05 meses de idade, foi levada ao hospital apresentando vômitos, diarreia e anorexia. No exame físico, foi possível observar a presença de carrapatos e mucosas ictéricas. Nos exames hematológicos foi possível evidenciaras alterações morfológicas de hemácias que caracterizavam anemia hemolítica imunomediada e a presença do parasita Mycoplasma spp. Nas análises bioquímicas se observou níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina e uréia.Pode-se concluir que, a observação de Mycoplasmaspp.emesfregaços sanguíneos associada às alterações morfológicas eritrocitárias são de relevante importância para o diagnóstico de AHIM, auxiliando assim na instituição da melhor conduta terapêutica, contribuindo para o prognóstico do paciente

Gravidez na adolescência no Brasil / Teenage pregnancy in Brazil

Este estudo analisou a literatura científica pertinente, visando explanar sobre os principais fatores associados à ocorrência da gravidez na adolescência. Percebe-se a existência de fatores sociais determinantes para sua ocorrência, demonstram que quanto menor o índice de escolaridade e o nível socioeconômico, maiores são as chances de uma gravidez na adolescência. A gravidez precoce influencia a ocorrência de partos prematuros, quanto mais jovem a gestante, maior a chance, devido a vários fatores como o número reduzido de consultas de pré-natal, desinformações sobre cuidados durante a gravidez e a primigestação. As mães adolescentes estão inseridas em um contexto de vulnerabilidade social, uma parte considerável é vítima de violência durante a gestação, assim, as consequências negativas para saúde da adolescente e do recém-nascido tendem a ser mais frequentes em situações de violência. A utilização de substâncias entre adolescentes grávidas tem sofrido um considerável aumento, colocando não apenas sua própria vida em risco, mas também a da criança.  Dessa forma, podemos observar a necessidade de um planejamento de estratégias de ação voltadas para que as áreas da educação juntamente com a da saúde possam proporcionar melhorias efetivas para a saúde e qualidade de vida das adolescentes

Production, physicochemical quality and antioxidant capacity of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape grafted on different rootstocks

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on grape production, quality and antioxidant capacity of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape in two productive cycles. The work was developed in Jundiaí-SP, Brazil (26° 06’ S, 46° 55’ W and an average altitude of 745 m). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots, the plots being represented by the rootstocks and the subplots by the production cycles, with four replications, each consisting of 6 plants. The treatments consisted of a combination of ‘IAC 313 Tropical’, ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘IAC 571-6 Jundiaí’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ as rootstocks and ‘Niagara Rosada’ as graft, and the production cycles were 2013 and 2014. The number of bunches, production and productivity of the vines, the physical characteristics of bunches, berries and stalks and the physicochemical composition of the must (soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and the relation soluble solids/titratable acidity) were evaluated in production cycles of 2013 and 2014). The content of chlorophylls, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of grapes were also evaluated in grape berries. The rootstocks did not influence the production and physical quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapes. As for the chemical characteristics, rootstocks only had an effect on solids content, and ‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstocks promoted higher values of this characteristic. Likewise, the total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the grapes were not influenced by the studied rootstocks. The vines in 2013 presented higher production and better physical characteristics of the grapes, however, the soluble solids content in this cycle was lower than in 2014

Brotação inicial, teor de sólidos solúveis e índice de maturação da cana-de-açúcar submetida à adubação com torta de filtro enriquecida / Initial breasting, soluble solids content and sugar cane maturation index submitted to fertilization with enriched filter pie

A torta de filtro é um subproduto da cana-de-açúcar e é utilizado no fornecimento de fósforo para a referida cultura. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da torta de filtro enriquecida sob o número de brotações, o teor de sólidos solúveis e o índice de maturidade da variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB041443 cultivada nos solos dos tabuleiros costeiros da Paraíba. O trabalho foi conduzido na Usina Monte Alegre S/A, no município de Mamanguape-PB. O experimento foi montado em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos (T1 – Testemunha (apenas MAP), T2 – Torta, T3 – Torta + MAP, T4 – Torta + Gesso, T5 – Torta + Fosfato, T6 – Torta + Bagaço, T7 – Torta + MAP + Gesso, T8 – Torta + MAP + Fosfato, T9 – Torta + MAP + Bagaço, T10 – Torta + Gesso + Fosfato, T11 – Torta + Gesso + Bagaço, T12 – Torta + Fosfato + Bagaço) com quatro repetições, totalizando 48 parcelas. O número de brotações, foi determinado aos 26 dias após o plantio (DAP) da cana-de-açúcar, por meio da contagem direta do número de perfilhos em um metro linear dentro de cada subparcela. Para as variáveis Teor de Sólidos Solúveis (°BRIX) e Índice de Maturação a avaliação foi realizada aos 282 dias (9 meses) em 5 plantas por parcela de cada tratamento. Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios, de forma que a a aplicação da torta de filtro enriquecida possibilitou incremento no número de brotações da variedade RB041443, principalmente no tratamento T9 que foi superior aos demais, sendo esse uma boa alternativa na adubação de plantio da referida cultura e para as demais variáveis todas foram superiores a testemunha. 

Relationship between the vertical countermovement jump and the simulated performance of the initial 15 meters of crawl swimming performed by adolescent athletes

Background: The start in swimming occurs via a jump that propels the swimmer into the pool. The relationship of the power generated by the start jump to first 15-m performance in swimming events is not yet known. Objective: Verify the correlation of the countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) with the simulated start performance of the crawl swimming. Materials and Methods: The present research was observational pilot study. The sample consisted of 12 Brazilian swimmers aged between 12 and 16 years (male). The CMJ was analyzed by a specific Platform for Jump Testing. Afterward, the athletes were directed to an Olympic swimming pool and positioned themselves in the starting block. Then, at the sound signal (whistle), they swam the first 15 meters of the pool in crawl style at the highest possible speed to simulate the start of the competition of swimming. Results: Thus, the study showed a negative correlation of the CMJ with the simulated start of 15 meters in the crawl style (r =-0.816; p=0.001). The analyses indicated that the CMJ contributes 66% (F (1.10) = 19.92; p=0.001) for the performance of 15 meters during the simulated start of the crawl stroke. It was shown that for every 1 cm increase in CMJ height, there was an improvement of 0.0885 milliseconds in swimming performance. Conclusion: CMJ is associated with the variation of the sprint time during the simulated start of a swimming test in the crawl swimming style

Currículo e MST: conflitos de saberes e estratégias na produção de sujeitos

Este artigo trata dos conflitos em torno dos saberes disponibilizados nos currículos de duas escolas do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e das estratégias ali inscritas para a produção de sujeitos. Insere-se no campo do currículo na vertente pós-crítica, incorporando ferramentas conceituais dos Estudos Culturais e dos estudos de Michel Foucault. O argumento desenvolvido é o de que apesar de as relações de poder-saber forjadas no currículo das escolas investigadas serem marcadas pela presença predominante dos conhecimentos autorizados, há ali um esforço de ensinar outros saberes que contribuem para disponibilizar algumas posições de sujeito que são de importância estratégica para a produção do sujeito Sem Terra