Cell localization of southern bean mosaic virus proteins in cowpea

The southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), the type member of the sobemovirus genus, is a positive sense icosohedral plant virus that systemically infects cowpea. Recently, it was determined that the p21 (ORF1) protein, p24 (ORF3) protein, and the CP were required for cell-to-cell movement of SBMV-C in cowpea. It is possible that these proteins are viral movement proteins, that is, they provide some function in viral movement. The goal of this study was to determine the subcellular localization of these three viral proteins and begin to elucidate their roles in cell-to-cell and/or long distance movement. Previously, the movement characteristics of this virus were unknown. Using immunocytochemistry, virus was found to localize in the xylem and phloem of infected cowpea, although most plant viruses traffic only in the phloem. Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses is believed to occur by one of two methods. One possibility (i.e. tobacco mosaic virus) is through the alteration of the plant\u27s plasmodesmata. The second method (i.e. cowpea mosaic virus) uses cell wallspanning tubules. Using immunocytochemistry, localization of ORF1, ORF3, and the CP was performed. The ORF1 protein was found to localize near plasmodesmata, indicating that this viral protein is involved in cell-to-cell movement. There was no evidence of tubule formation. The ORF3 protein did not localize to any specific areas within a cell, although higher concentrations of this protein were found in the xylem vascular cells. The SBMV-C CP was also found to localize in plasmodesmata, indicating a possible role in cell-to-cell movement of SBMV-C. Based on the results of this study, it is proposed that SBMV-C traffics as viral particles, but does not move cell-to-cell via tubules. Instead, the vims moves through the plant\u27s plasmodesmata through the activity of the ORF1 protein and possibly the CP. The long distance movement characteristics of SBMV-C were also studied. The accumulation of the ORF1 and CP in the secondary cell walls of the sieve elements suggests a role for these proteins in systemic movement of SBMV-C

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS