Détermination de la signature acoustique de la corrosion des composites SVR (stratifiés verre résine)

Since the 1980, Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) has been used for construction of pipes and tanks in the chemical industry, including the storage of mineral acids. This composite material offers superior and cost effective corrosion resistance. However, authors found accidental breakage of tanks (horizontal and vertical) containing mineral acids (hydrochloric and sulphuric). These failures are attributed to environmental stress-corrosion cracking (ESCC) mechanism. The corrosion of glass fibers in mineral acid solution is less known but very important. The mechanism of the corrosion, called leaching, is thought to induce tensile stresses in the surface of the glass. These stresses could be large enough to cause cracking of the fiber glass.Corrosion tests have been performed on GRP specimen. Aggressive environments used are hydrochloric acid (37%) This environment is known to react with E-glass. Corrosion tests have been monitored by acoustic emission.SEM observations and physicochemical analysis confirm the corrosion of glass fibers in HCl solution. The use of micro - tomography allows to have information on the depth of degradation of the material.Statistical approaches are used to characterize hit’s parameters. Clustering is made by using k-mean’s method. Three distinct acoustic emission classes are identified. Thanks to SEM observations and acoustic emission results, clusters can be assigned to the appearance of minor defects in the material.Depuis les années 80, Les matériaux composites stratifié verre résine (SVR) ont été utilisés pour la construction des tuyaux et des réservoirs dans l'industrie chimique, y compris pour le stockage d’acides. Ce matériau composite présente une résistance supérieure à la corrosion. Cependant, des auteurs ont observé des ruptures accidentelles de réservoirs (horizontaux et verticaux) contenant des acides (chlorhydrique et sulfurique). Ces ruptures sont attribuées au mécanisme de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC). La corrosion des fibres de verre dans une solution acide est moins connue mais reste très importante. Ce mécanisme de corrosion, appelée désalcalinisation de la fibre peut provoquer la fissuration de la fibre de verre.Des essais de corrosion avec de l’acide chlorhydrique (37%) ont été effectués sur éprouvette SVR. Ces essais de corrosion ont été suivis par émission acoustique. Les observations au microscope électroniques à balayage (MEB) et les analyses physico-chimiques confirment la corrosion de fibres de verre dans une solution de HCl. L’utilisation de la micro-tomographie nous montre que cette technique permet d’avoir une information sur la profondeur d’attaque du matériau.Une approche statistique est utilisée pour caractériser les paramètres de la salve d’émission acoustique afin de les séparer. Le Clustering est fait en utilisant la méthode des k-moyennes. Trois classes d’émission acoustique distinctes ont ainsi été identifiées. L’analyse croisée de l’émission acoustique et des observations ont permis de relier les classes observées aux conséquences de la corrosion du SVR

L'utilisation de l'émission acoustique pour le suivi d'essais dynamiques

International audienceThe use of composite material in industry is more and more important especially in the aeronautical field. The use of these materials needs an understanding of their mechanical behavior and in particular the damage mechanisms. Usually the mechanical testing performed on this material is instrumented with different techniques like acoustic emission in order to get the maximum information. Acoustic Emission is very efficient for quasi-static and low frequency fatigue mechanical testing to determine the appearance of the first damage. Nevertheless, when the strain rate is increasing, acquisition of transient signal becomes difficult. In this paper we propose a method based on AE streaming acquisition. This acquisition mode allows us to obtain only one great time sampling without threshold effect. This signal is then “cut” and new genuine features are processed. The use of this method allowed us to study the behavior of epoxy carbon composite specimen during dynamic testing (5 mm/min to 500 mm/min). Two criteria based on the energy have been identified and studied in function the loading rate.L’utilisation de matériau composite dans l’industrie est de plus en plus importante notamment dans le domaine aéronautique. L’utilisation de ces matériaux nécessite une compréhension de leur comportement mécanique et de leur mode d’endommagement. Habituellement les tests mécaniques réalisés sont instrumentés par différentes techniques afin d’en tirer le maximum d’information et notamment l’émission acoustique (EA). Cette technique est très adaptée aux essais mécaniques quasi-statique et de fatigue à faible fréquence pour déterminer l’apparition des premiers endommagements. Cependant lorsque les vitesses de sollicitation augmentent, l’acquisition sous forme de signaux transitoires devient compliquée. La technique proposée dans l’article repose sur la fonction streaming. Cette fonction enregistre un seul intervalle de temps sans tenir compte d’un seuil d’acquisition. Celui-ci est ensuite « redécoupé » et de nouveaux paramètres sont alors calculés. L’utilisation de ce traitement nous a permis d’étudier le comportement d’éprouvette en carbone époxy pour des vitesses de sollicitation allant de 5 mm/min à 500 mm/min. Deux seuils d’endommagement ont été définis et leurs évolutions en fonction des vitesses de sollicitation ont été caractérisés

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Impairs Reverse Cholesterol Transport from Macrophages

Several steps of HIV-1 replication critically depend on cholesterol. HIV infection is associated with profound changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Whereas numerous studies have investigated the role of anti-HIV drugs in lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia, the effects of HIV infection on cellular cholesterol metabolism remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 impairs ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-dependent cholesterol efflux from human macrophages, a condition previously shown to be highly atherogenic. In HIV-1–infected cells, this effect was mediated by Nef. Transfection of murine macrophages with Nef impaired cholesterol efflux from these cells. At least two mechanisms were found to be responsible for this phenomenon: first, HIV infection and transfection with Nef induced post-transcriptional down-regulation of ABCA1; and second, Nef caused redistribution of ABCA1 to the plasma membrane and inhibited internalization of apolipoprotein A-I. Binding of Nef to ABCA1 was required for down-regulation and redistribution of ABCA1. HIV-infected and Nef-transfected macrophages accumulated substantial amounts of lipids, thus resembling foam cells. The contribution of HIV-infected macrophages to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis was supported by the presence of HIV-positive foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques of HIV-infected patients. Stimulation of cholesterol efflux from macrophages significantly reduced infectivity of the virions produced by these cells, and this effect correlated with a decreased amount of virion-associated cholesterol, suggesting that impairment of cholesterol efflux is essential to ensure proper cholesterol content in nascent HIV particles. These results reveal a previously unrecognized dysregulation of intracellular lipid metabolism in HIV-infected macrophages and identify Nef and ABCA1 as the key players responsible for this effect. Our findings have implications for pathogenesis of both HIV disease and atherosclerosis, because they reveal the role of cholesterol efflux impairment in HIV infectivity and suggest a possible mechanism by which HIV infection of macrophages may contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients

Mobilization of HIV Spread by Diaphanous 2 Dependent Filopodia in Infected Dendritic Cells

Paramount to the success of persistent viral infection is the ability of viruses to navigate hostile environments en route to future targets. In response to such obstacles, many viruses have developed the ability of establishing actin rich-membrane bridges to aid in future infections. Herein through dynamic imaging of HIV infected dendritic cells, we have observed how viral high-jacking of the actin/membrane network facilitates one of the most efficient forms of HIV spread. Within infected DC, viral egress is coupled to viral filopodia formation, with more than 90% of filopodia bearing immature HIV on their tips at extensions of 10 to 20 µm. Live imaging showed HIV filopodia routinely pivoting at their base, and projecting HIV virions at µm.sec−1 along repetitive arc trajectories. HIV filopodial dynamics lead to up to 800 DC to CD4 T cell contacts per hour, with selection of T cells culminating in multiple filopodia tethering and converging to envelope the CD4 T-cell membrane with budding HIV particles. Long viral filopodial formation was dependent on the formin diaphanous 2 (Diaph2), and not a dominant Arp2/3 filopodial pathway often associated with pathogenic actin polymerization. Manipulation of HIV Nef reduced HIV transfer 25-fold by reducing viral filopodia frequency, supporting the potency of DC HIV transfer was dependent on viral filopodia abundance. Thus our observations show HIV corrupts DC to CD4 T cell interactions by physically embedding at the leading edge contacts of long DC filopodial networks

HIV-1 envelope, integrins and co-receptor use in mucosal transmission of HIV

It is well established that HIV-1 infection typically involves an interaction between the viral envelope protein gp120/41 and the CD4 molecule followed by a second interaction with a chemokine receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. In the early stages of an HIV-1 infection CCR5 using viruses (R5 viruses) predominate. In some viral subtypes there is a propensity to switch to CXCR4 usage (X4 viruses). The receptor switch occurs in ~ 40% of the infected individuals and is associated with faster disease progression. This holds for subtypes B and D, but occurs less frequently in subtypes A and C. There are several hypotheses to explain the preferential transmission of R5 viruses and the mechanisms that lead to switching of co-receptor usage; however, there is no definitive explanation for either. One important consideration regarding transmission is that signaling by R5 gp120 may facilitate transmission of R5 viruses by inducing a permissive environment for HIV replication. In the case of sexual transmission, infection by HIV requires the virus to breach the mucosal barrier to gain access to the immune cell targets that it infects; however, the immediate events that follow HIV exposure at genital mucosal sites are not well understood. Upon transmission, the HIV quasispecies that is replicating in an infected donor contracts through a “genetic bottleneck”, and often infection results from a single infectious event. Many details surrounding this initial infection remain unresolved. In mucosal tissues, CD4+ T cells express high levels of CCR5, and a subset of these CD4+/CCR5high cells express the integrin α4β7, the gut homing receptor. CD4+/CCR5high/ α4β7high T cells are highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1 and are ideal targets for an efficient productive infection at the point of transmission. In this context we have demonstrated that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds to α4β7 on CD4+ T cells. On CD4+/CCR5high/ α4β7high T cells, α4β7 is closely associated with CD4 and CCR5. Furthermore, α4β7 is ~3 times the size of CD4 on the cell surface, that makes it a prominent receptor for an efficient virus capture. gp120-α4β7 interactions mediate the activation of the adhesion-associated integrin LFA-1. LFA-1 facilitates the formation of virological synapses and cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1. gp120 binding to α4β7 is mediated by a tripeptide located in the V1/V2 domain of gp120. Of note, the V1/V2 domain of gp120 has been linked to variations in transmission fitness among viral isolates raising the intriguing possibility that gp120-α4β7 interactions may be linked to transmission fitness. Although many details remain unresolved, we hypothesize that gp120-α4β7 interactions play an important role in the very early events following sexual transmission of HIV and may have important implication in the design of vaccine strategies for the prevention of acquisition of HIV infectio

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Determination of the acoustic signature of GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) composite corrosion

Depuis les années 80, Les matériaux composites stratifié verre résine (SVR) ont été utilisés pour la construction des tuyaux et des réservoirs dans l'industrie chimique, y compris pour le stockage d’acides. Ce matériau composite présente une résistance supérieure à la corrosion. Cependant, des auteurs ont observé des ruptures accidentelles de réservoirs (horizontaux et verticaux) contenant des acides (chlorhydrique et sulfurique). Ces ruptures sont attribuées au mécanisme de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC). La corrosion des fibres de verre dans une solution acide est moins connue mais reste très importante. Ce mécanisme de corrosion, appelée désalcalinisation de la fibre peut provoquer la fissuration de la fibre de verre.Des essais de corrosion avec de l’acide chlorhydrique (37%) ont été effectués sur éprouvette SVR. Ces essais de corrosion ont été suivis par émission acoustique. Les observations au microscope électroniques à balayage (MEB) et les analyses physico-chimiques confirment la corrosion de fibres de verre dans une solution de HCl. L’utilisation de la micro-tomographie nous montre que cette technique permet d’avoir une information sur la profondeur d’attaque du matériau.Une approche statistique est utilisée pour caractériser les paramètres de la salve d’émission acoustique afin de les séparer. Le Clustering est fait en utilisant la méthode des k-moyennes. Trois classes d’émission acoustique distinctes ont ainsi été identifiées. L’analyse croisée de l’émission acoustique et des observations ont permis de relier les classes observées aux conséquences de la corrosion du SVR.Since the 1980, Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) has been used for construction of pipes and tanks in the chemical industry, including the storage of mineral acids. This composite material offers superior and cost effective corrosion resistance. However, authors found accidental breakage of tanks (horizontal and vertical) containing mineral acids (hydrochloric and sulphuric). These failures are attributed to environmental stress-corrosion cracking (ESCC) mechanism. The corrosion of glass fibers in mineral acid solution is less known but very important. The mechanism of the corrosion, called leaching, is thought to induce tensile stresses in the surface of the glass. These stresses could be large enough to cause cracking of the fiber glass.Corrosion tests have been performed on GRP specimen. Aggressive environments used are hydrochloric acid (37%) This environment is known to react with E-glass. Corrosion tests have been monitored by acoustic emission.SEM observations and physicochemical analysis confirm the corrosion of glass fibers in HCl solution. The use of micro - tomography allows to have information on the depth of degradation of the material.Statistical approaches are used to characterize hit’s parameters. Clustering is made by using k-mean’s method. Three distinct acoustic emission classes are identified. Thanks to SEM observations and acoustic emission results, clusters can be assigned to the appearance of minor defects in the material

Corrosion evaluation of glass fiber reinforced plastic (gfrp) Tanks & pressure vessels using acoustic emission technology

Corrosive environments are used like concentrated hydrochloric acid which is known to react with E-glass fibers. Acoustic emission results reveal different corrosion modes of glass fibers in HCl solutions. For the field applications, full scale GFRP equipment was instrumented with a range of AE sensors. The equipment is used for storage or process of corrosive chemicals. When this corrosive content comes in contact with the GFRP wall, via some failure of the corrosion barrier, this could lead to chemical degradation of the composite. To detect such phenomenon, two approaches were adopted: passive monitoring to detect active corrosion (equipment filled in with the service fluid) and AE monitoring during a proof test (according to ASTM E1067 standard). To correlate these AE measurements, the tanks were visually inspected and dissected. The AE results on field were also correlated with AE results in laboratory. The results of this work clearly show the efficiency of AE technology for glass fiber active corrosion detection. On the other hand, they show a good correlation between the proof tests and AE results of corrosion monitoring. The results of this research are a good basis for standardization of the corrosion monitoring of GFRP by Acoustic Emission.Keywords: corrosive environment ; hydrochloric acid; E-glass fibers ; acoustic emissio

Flax shives-PBAT processing into 3D printed fluorescent materials with potential sensor functionalities

International audienceIncorporation of unused agricultural by-products into materials is a relevant strategy in developing biosourced and economically competitive products that limits the environmental impacts of plastics. Development of 3D printing techniques offers the possibility to design such biomaterials while bringing new functionalities, however, it is critical to characterize and control both the plant material properties and the interactions between the plant material and the polymeric matrix during the whole process, from filament production to 3D printing. In this study, flax shives were selectively milled and then used as a starting material to be grafted to a fluorophore whose fluorescence varies under pH. The resulting fluorescent shives were processed with poly-(butylene-terephthalate) (PBAT) by extrusion to produce a filament reinforced with 10 %-wt of flax shives, which was the subsequently 3D printed. Extensive microstructural characterization (particle size and shape analysis, X-ray microtomography) demonstrated that the flax particles were homogeneously distributed into the 3D printed material. Despite the relatively low content of fluorescent flax shives in the final 3D printed material (1%-wt) and successive heating stages (during extrusion and 3D printing), a strong fluorescent emission could still be measured. This work paves the way for using fluorescent flax shives as reinforcements into composites, thus making 4D materials with potential applications as sensors depending on the fluorophore used. 50 μm). In particular, a greater reactivity can be obtained throug

Ketogenic diet impairs Mycobacterium ulcerans growth and toxin production, enhancing hosts’ response to the infection in an experimental mouse model

International audienceKetogenic diets have been used to treat diverse conditions, and there is growing evidence of their benefits for tissue repair and in inflammatory disease treatment. However, their role in infectious diseases has been little studied. Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by large skin ulcerations caused by mycolactone, the major virulence factor of the bacillus. Here, we investigated the impact of ketogenic diet on this cutaneous disease in an experimental mouse model. This diet prevented ulceration, by modulating bacterial growth and host inflammatory response. β-hydroxybutyrate, the major ketone body produced during ketogenic diet and diffusing in tissues, impeded M. ulcerans growth and mycolactone production in vitro underlying its potential key role in infection. These results pave the way for the development of new patient management strategies involving shorter courses of treatment and improving wound healing, in line with the major objectives of the World Health Organization