Governing shipping externalities : Baltic ports in the process of SOx emission reduction

This paper analyses the debate which has unfolded in the Baltic Sea Region regarding the reduction of sulphur content in vessel fuels, in order to illustrate how tightening environmental regulation challenges traditional forms of maritime governance. Using an interactive governance approach, this study reconstructs the process of sulphur emission reduction as a complex multi-stakeholder interaction in multiple contexts. The empirical investigation has drawn on documentary material from around the Baltic region, including Russia, and has applied the method of qualitative content analysis. The empirical study focuses on two interlinked questions: (1) How sulphur emission reduction policies are being anticipated by maritime industry, in particular by Baltic ports and (2) How port adaptation strategies are tied into Baltic local and energy contexts. Addressing these questions highlights the role of polycentricity in shipping governance and explains how the same universal international regulations can produce varying patterns of governance. The paper concludes that policy-making shall take an account of the fact that the globalized shipping industry is nevertheless locally and sectorally embedded.Peer reviewe

Cyclone processing of green liquor dregs (GLD) with results measured and interpreted by ICP-OES and NIR spectroscopy

An experimental design in cyclone drying parameters for green liquor sludge led to an efficient drying of the material and an interpretation of optimal cyclone parameters. The obtained dried materials were analyzed by ICP-OES and NIR spectroscopy. The inorganic analysis showed that a partial separation of toxic chemicals is possible and the NIR results could be used as an extra way of interpreting the results of the experimental design. The conclusion is that besides drying, also a change in chemical composition occurs as an effect of cyclone treatment. The NIR method is fast and requires little sample preparation while the ICP-OES method gives more direct inorganic results but is more demanding in time for sample handling and measurement.Peer reviewe