Os gigantes da Internet e o futuro do regime de responsabilidade dos intermediários técnicos no direito europeu e no direito francês

Purpose ”“ The article brings an examination of the legal regime of civil liability of the content and stockage Internet providers (technical intermediaries) under the European and French law in order to evaluate the possibilities of a new regulatory design, which may provide a better balance between the rights and obligations of those technical intermediaries. Methodology/approach/design ”“ The research uses legal articles and rulings to provide an analysis of the European and French regarding the civil liability of the technical intermediaries to assess the limits of the current legal regulatory regime. Findings ”“ Extracting data from rulings, technical reports and academic legal texts, the article shows the possibility of legal construction of new regulatory means that may provide a better balance between rights and obligations of the technical intermediaries.Purpose ”“ The article brings an examination of the legal regime of civil liability of the content and stockage Internet providers (technical intermediaries) under the European and French law in order to evaluate the possibilities of a new regulatory design, which may provide a better balance between the rights and obligations of those technical intermediaries. Methodology/approach/design ”“ The research uses legal articles and rulings to provide an analysis of the European and French regarding the civil liability of the technical intermediaries to assess the limits of the current legal regulatory regime. Findings ”“ Extracting data from rulings, technical reports and academic legal texts, the article shows the possibility of legal construction of new regulatory means that may provide a better balance between rights and obligations of the technical intermediaries.Propósito ”“ O artigo examina o regime jurídico de responsabilidade civil dos provedores de conteúdo e de armazenagem (intermediários técnicos) no direito europeu e no direito francês com o objetivo de avaliar a formação de novos regimes regulatórios que possam equilibrar as obrigações e os direitos dos intermediários técnicos. Metodologia/abordagem/design ”“ A pesquisa se baseia na análise bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, do direito europeu e do direito francês referente à responsabilidade civil dos intermediários técnicos para evidenciar os limites do atual regime jurídico. Resultados ”“ A partir de julgados, relatórios técnicos e da doutrina, o artigo demonstra que existem possibilidades de construção de novos meios regulatórios que possam avaliar, de forma mais equilibrada, a fixação de obrigações e de direitos

Phytotoxic metabolites from Neofusicoccum parvum, a pathogen of Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine

Liquid chromatography-diode array screening of the organic extract of the cultures of 13 isolates of the fungus Neofusicoccum parvum, the main causal agent of botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine, showed similar metabolites. One strain was selected for further chemical studies and led to the isolation and characterisation of 13 metabolites. Structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses, including one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometry, and through comparison to literature data. The isolated compounds belong to four different chemical families: five metabolites, namely, ( )-terremutin (1), (+)-terremutin hydrate (2), (+)-epi-sphaeropsidone (3) ( )-4-chloro-terremutin hydrate (4) and(+)-4- hydroxysuccinate-terremutin hydrate (5), belong to the family of dihydrotoluquinones; two metabolites, namely, (6S,7R) asperlin (6) and (6R,7S)-dia-asperlin (7), belong to the family of epoxylactones; four metabolites, namely, (R)-( )-mellein (8), (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein (9), (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein (10) (R)( )-3-hydroxymellein (11), belong to the family of dihydroisocoumarins; and two of the metabolites, namely, 6-methyl-salicylic acid (12) and 2-hydroxypropyl salicylic acid (13), belong to the family of hydroxybenzoic acids. We determined the phytotoxic activity of the isolated metabolites through a leaf disc assay and the expression of defence-related genes in Vitis vinifera cells cv. Chardonnay cultured with ( )-terremutin (1), the most abundant metabolite. Finally, analysis of the brown stripes of grapevine wood from plants showing botryosphaeria dieback symptoms revealed the presence of two of the isolated phytotoxinsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparison of single- and multi-trait approaches to identify best wild candidates for aquaculture shows that the simple way fails

International audiencein agriculture, diversifying production implies picking up, in the wild biodiversity, species or populations that can be domesticated and fruitfully produced. two alternative approaches are available to highlight wild candidate(s) with high suitability for aquaculture: the single-trait (i.e. considering a single phenotypic trait and, thus, a single biological function) and multi-trait (i.e. considering multiple phenotypic traits involved in several biological functions) approaches. Although the former is the traditional and the simplest method, the latter could be theoretically more efficient. However, an explicit comparison of advantages and pitfalls between these approaches is lacking to date in aquaculture. Here, we compared the two approaches to identify best candidate(s) between four wild allopatric populations of Perca fluviatilis in standardised aquaculture conditions. our results showed that the single-trait approach can (1) miss key divergences between populations and (2) highlight different best candidate(s) depending on the trait considered. In contrast, the multi-trait approach allowed identifying the population with the highest domestication potential thanks to several congruent lines of evidence. nevertheless, such an integrative assessment is achieved with a far more time-consuming and expensive study. therefore, improvements and rationalisations will be needed to make the multi-trait approach a promising way in the aquaculture development

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Étude descriptive de la prise en charge de la douleur pendant les phases du travail chez les patientes sans anesthésie locorégionale au centre hospitalier Alpes-Léman

Objectives: To describe the pain management in parturients when they do not benefit from locoregional anesthesia. To analyze which methods among those described are preferred depending on to the stage of labour. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective and monocentric study. Includes patients who vaginally gave birth to a singleton child with cephalic presentation and with a term greater or equal to 35 weeks of amenorrhea between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018 at the Centre Hospitalier Alpes-Léman. Results: Nine methods have been described: 2 pharmacological pain relief methods (nitrous oxide and opioids) and 7 non-pharmacological pain relief methods grouped in parallel methods (acupuncture/acupressure, hypnosis, sophrology) and well-being and comfort methods (immersion in water, balloon, massage, mobility). Well-being and comfort methods have been implemented in the first stage of labour, and nitrous oxide inhalation has mainly been used during the second stage of labour. Conclusion: The panel of methods used was diverse and corresponded to the current recommendations of health institutions, although it is likely that these practices were underestimated due to a lack of traceability in the files.Objectifs : Décrire la prise en charge de la douleur des parturientes lorsqu’elles ne bénéficient pas d’anesthésie locorégionale. Analyser quelles méthodes parmi celles décrites sont privilégiées en fonction des phases du travail. Méthodes : Étude descriptive, rétrospective, monocentrique. Ont été incluses les patientes ayant accouché par voie basse d’un enfant singleton en présentation céphalique à un terme supérieur ou égal à 35 semaines d’aménorrhées entre le 01/01/2018 et le 31/12/2018 au Centre Hospitalier Alpes-Léman. Résultats : Neuf méthodes ont été décrites : 2 méthodes médicamenteuses (le protoxyde d’azote et les opiacés) et 7 méthodes non médicamenteuses classées en méthodes parallèles (l’acupuncture/acupression, l’hypnose, la sophrologie) et en méthodes de bien-être et de confort (le bain, le ballon, le massage, la déambulation). Les méthodes de bien-être et de confort ont été privilégiées dans le premier stade du travail, et le protoxyde d’azote était principalement utilisé durant le deuxième stade du travail. Conclusion : Le panel des méthodes utilisées était diversifié et correspondait aux recommandations actuelles des institutions de santé, même si il est probable que ces pratiques aient été sous-estimées en raison d’un manque de traçabilité dans les dossiers

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International audienc

Quel accès juridique aux contenus numériques ?

International audienceQuels sont les leviers juridiques favorables à la production et à l’accès de contenus numériques variés (de nature culturelle ou scientifique) et certifiés par des institutions publiques, des communautés scientifiques ou encore des experts ? Nous en distinguons trois : les licences libres, l’Open data et la Science ouverte dont les régimes allient contraintes et récompenses