A process of decolonization or a period of re-colonization in Bolivia? The indigenous autonomies in the lowlands during the MAS government

Dentro de los principales temas posicionados durante el proceso constituyente boliviano la década pasada, particularmente tuvieron una densidad y sentido de transformación profunda la “descolonización” y las “autonomías indígenas”, como condiciones para la construcción de un “Estado plurinacional”, en tanto demandas y propuestas de los movimientos indígenas que lograrán incorporarlas en el actual texto constitucional. Sin embargo, al igual que otros principios y conceptos centrales/ transversales en la Constitución, la descolonización habría sido relegada a un término meramente declarativo dentro de la retórica del gobierno del MAS, sin una materialización efectiva en la realidad, por el contario, los últimos años parece consolidarse, cada vez más, un proceso de recolonización territorial y un periodo político estadocéntrico. Se propone una mirada crítica entorno a la situación de las autonomías indígenas y con relación a las políticas gubernamentales y la propuesta de descolonización,  desde la situación en las tierras bajas de Bolivia.    Among the main issues posed during the Bolivian constituent process in the last decade, there are particularly the “decolonization” and the “indigenous autonomies” had a density and a sense of profound transformation, as conditions for the construc­tion of a “multinational State”, as demands and proposals of the indigenous move­ments that will be able to incorporate it in the present constitutional text. However, like other central / transversal principles and concepts in the Constitution, decolo­nization would have been relegated to a merely declarative term within the MAS go­vernment rhetoric, without a materialization in reality. In contrast, in the last years a process of territorial recolonization and a state-centric political tendencies seems to be consolidating more and more clearly in Bolivia. It is proposed a critical look at the situation of indigenous autonomies, around of the government policies in relation to the proposal of decolonization, since the situation in the lowlands in Bolivia

Efecto del H2S en la Susceptibilidad al Agrietamiento de Dos Aceros Microaleados para Tubería

Cracking in sour media modes were observed, and these were related mainly to the microstructure produced during the thermomechanical process of two microalloyed steels grade API X 52. Through the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics modified specimens. Steels loaded at similar initial stress intensity factors showed different cracking modes that were related directly to their different microstructures. Steels microstructures indicate different fabrication routes. Testing temperature played an important role on switching the cracking characteristics being remarkable by the ferrite-pearlite steel microstructure. A banded microstructure is susceptible to the effects of hydrogen at room T. While, an acicular ferrite microstructure with carbides patches at grain boundaries is susceptible to anodic dissolution in front of the crack tip, no matter the temperature being tested. Key words: microalloyed steels, sour service, cracking modes, microstructure.

Relación entre la cantidad de ARN total hepático y algunos parámetros sanguíneos en la diabetes mellitus experimental

La diabetes mellitus (DM) ha sido asociada con alteraciones de expresión génica en tejidos sensibles a la insulina. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la cantidad de ARN total en células hepáticas y su relación con ciertos parámetros sanguíneos vinculados directa o indirectamente con la DM. Se utilizaron ratones adultos NMRI de sexo hembra, distribuidas en tres grupos (0; 15 y 30 días post–inducción). A los grupos de 15 y 30 días se les administró ip 40 mg/kg de estreptozotocina durante 5 días. A todos los grupos se les efectuaron determinaciones sanguíneas de glucosa, proteínas totales, triglicéridos y hemoglobina. Semanalmente se determinaron en forma cualitativa pH, glucosa y cuerposcetónicos en orina. Todos los animales se sacrificaron bajo ligera eterización y en hígadose determinaron ARN total y proteínas totales. Se encontró un aumento significativo en losniveles de glucosa en los animales de 15 y 30 días post–inducción, en comparación al grupo0 días. El ARN total aumentó significativamente a los 15 días post–inducción, mientras quea los 30 días los animales presentaron una disminución marcada incluso por debajo de los niveles encontrados al día 0. Al correlacionar el ARN total hepático con los parámetros sanguíneos, se observó que a medida que aumentaban los valores de ARN, se incrementaban los de glucosa (r= 0,60; p< 0,01). Se concluye que en la DM experimental se modifica la expresión génica hepática, cambio que guarda relación con los niveles de glucosa sanguínea

Informe Optoel 2021

[No abstract available

Comparación de la percepción social en playas recreativas arenosas de dos bahías localizadas en el Pacífico Mexicano

En el presente trabajo se desarrollaron dos formatos de encuesta, para incorporar la percepción de los usuarios a la evaluación de la calidad de las playas (Cervantes, 2006 y Silva-Iñiguez, 2006); ambos basados en un modelo cuantitativo para revelar la percepción social de las playas localizadas en la bahía de Santiago, Manzanillo, Col (MZO) y en Acapulco, Gro (ACA). Se aplicaron un total de 790 encuestas (ACA: 390 y MZO: 400), que permitieron conocer el perfil de los usuarios, sus hábitos de recreación y sus opiniones sobre las condiciones biofísicas y de infraestructura de cada playa. En ambas playas la mayoría prefirieron asistir acompañados por sus familias; las principales actividades recreativas fueron nadar, descansar, comer y beber. En general las demandas en ambos sitios coincidieron con incrementar el número de botes de basura, la frecuencia en el servicio de recolección y limpieza, baños y regaderas. Las razones por la que los usuarios seleccionaron la playa a visitar fueron la seguridad y vigilancia, así como las características biofísicas de la misma. La incorporación de esta información a modelos y/o esquemas de evaluación y gestión de playa (a través de índices ambientales) permitió realizar la valoración integral de la playa.In this paper it was developed two survey formats, to include the perception of users on the assessment of the quality of the beaches (Cervantes, 2006 and Silva-Iñiguez, 2006), both based on a quantitative model to reveal the social perception of the beaches on Santiago Bay, Manzanillo, Col (MZO) and Acapulco, Guerrero (ACA). We did a total of 790 surveys (ACA: 390 and MZO: 400), which allowed the user profile, recreation habits and their views on the biophysical and infrastructure of each beach. In both beaches, most people, attended with their families, the main recreational activities were swimming, resting, eating and drinking. In general the demands on both sites agreed to increase the number of waste baskets, the frequency of collection service and cleaning bathrooms and showers. The reasons why the users selected to visit the beach were the safety and security, as well as the biophysical characteristics of the same. Incorporating this information to models and / or evaluation schemes and beach management (through environmental ratings) allowed the comprehensive assessment of the beach

RNA-seq transcriptome analysis provides candidate genes for resistance to Tomato leaf cur New Delhi virus in melon

[EN] Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) emerged in the Mediterranean Basin in 2012 as the first DNA bipartite begomovirus (Geminiviridae family), causing severe yield and economic losses in cucurbit crops. A major resistance locus was identified in the wild melon accession WM-7 (Cucumis melo kachri group), but the mechanisms involved in the resistant response remained unknown. In this work, we used RNA-sequencing to identify disease-associated genes that are differentially expressed in the course of ToLCNDV infection and could contribute to resistance. Transcriptomes of the resistant WM-7 genotype and the susceptible cultivar Piñonet Piel de Sapo (PS)(C. melo ibericus group) in ToLCNDV and mock inoculated plants were compared at four time points during infection (0, 3, 6, and 12 days post inoculation). Different gene expression patterns were observed over time in the resistant and susceptible genotypes in comparison to their respective controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ToLCNDV-infected plants were classified using gene ontology (GO) terms, and genes of the categories transcription, DNA replication, and helicase activity were downregulated in WM-7 but upregulated in PS, suggesting that reduced activity of these functions reduces ToLCNDV replication and intercellular spread and thereby contributes to resistance. DEGs involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, photosynthesis, RNA silencing, transmembrane, and sugar transporters entail adverse consequences for systemic infection in the resistant genotype, and lead to susceptibility in PS. The expression levels of selected candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR to corroborate their differential expression upon ToLCNDV infection in resistant and susceptible melon. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with an effect on structural functionality of DEGs linked to the main QTLs for ToLCNDV resistance have been identified. The obtained results pinpoint cellular functions and candidate genes that are differentially expressed in a resistant and susceptible melon line in response to ToLCNDV, an information of great relevance for breeding ToLCNDV-resistant melon cultivars.This work was supported by grants AGL201785563-C2-1-R and RTA2017-00061-C03-03 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe," by grant PID2020-116055RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by PROMETEO projects 2017/078 and 2021/072 (to promote excellence groups) by the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esports (Generalitat Valenciana).Sáez-Sánchez, C.; Flores-León, A.; Montero-Pau, J.; Sifres, A.; Dhillon N.P.S:; López, C.; Picó, B. (2022). RNA-seq transcriptome analysis provides candidate genes for resistance to Tomato leaf cur New Delhi virus in melon. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.7988581261

A major facilitator superfamily protein, HepP, is involved in formation of the heterocyst envelope polysaccharide in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

Some filamentous cyanobacteria such as Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 produce cells, termed heterocysts, specialized in nitrogen fixation. Heterocysts bear a thick envelope containing an inner layer of glycolipids and an outer layer of polysaccharide that restrict the diffusion of air(including O2) into the heterocyst. Anabaena sp. mutants impaired in production of either of those layers show a Fox- phenotype (requiring fixed nitrogen for growth under oxic conditions). We have characterized a set of transposon-induced Fox- mutants in which transposon Tn5-1063 was inserted into the Anabaena sp. chromosome open reading frame all1711 which encodes a predicted membrane protein that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). These mutants showed higher nitrogenase activities under anoxic than under oxic conditions and altered sucrose uptake. Electron microscopy and alcian blue staining showed a lack of the heterocyst envelope polysaccharide (Hep) layer. Northern blot and primer extension analyses showed that, in a manner dependent on the nitrogen-control transcription factor NtcA, all1711 was strongly induced after nitrogen step-down. Confocal microscopy of an Anabaena sp. strain producing an All1711-green fluorescent protein (All1711-GFP) fusion protein showed induction in all cells of the filament but at higher levels in differentiating heterocysts. All1711-GFP was located in the periphery of the cells, consistent with All1711 being a cytoplasmic membrane protein. Expression of all1711 from the PglnA promoter in a multicopy plasmid led to production of a presumptive exopolysaccharide by vegetative cells. These results suggest that All1711, which we denote HepP, is involved in transport of glycoside(s), with a specific physiological role in production of Hep.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y FEDER BFU2008-03811 BFU2010-17980 BFU2011-2276

Synthesis and characterization of titanium(IV) complexes containing the diphenylphosphino- and diphenylthiophosphoryl-functionalized cyclopentadienyl ligand. Crystal and molecular structure of Ti(η5-C5H4PPh2)Cl3

The trimethylsilyl cyclopentadiene derivative C5H4(SiMe3)PPh2 (1) was treated with TiCl4 to give the air- and moisture-sensitive mono(cyclopentadienyl) compound Ti(η5-C5H4PPh2)Cl3 (4). Reaction of 4 with Mg(CH2C6H5)2(THF)2 gave Ti(η5-C5H4PPh2)(CH2C6H5)3 (5). Reactions of the lithium and thallium derivatives M{C5H4P(S)Ph2} (M=Li (2), Tl (3)) with one equiv. of TiCl4 afforded the mono(cyclopentadienyl) complex Ti{η5-C5H4P(S)Ph2}Cl3 (6), whereas reaction with 0.5 equiv. of TiCl4 gave the bis(cyclopentadienyl) complex Ti{η5-C5H4P(S)Ph2}2Cl2 (8). Compound 6 was also isolated as a minor product from the reaction of Ti{η5-C5H4P(S)Ph2}2Cl2 (8) with one equiv. of TiCl4. The major product was identified as an inseparable mixture of two compounds [Ti{η5-C5H4P(S)Ph2}2Cl2·TiCl4]n (7a and 7b). Reaction of Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl3 with 3 afforded the ‘mixed-ring’ bis(cyclopentadienyl) complex Ti{η5-C5H4P(S)Ph2}(η5-C5H5)Cl2 (9). Compounds 6–9 are very moisture-sensitive and easily decompose to form the cyclopentadiene C5H5P(S)Ph2. Structural data of these complexes indicate η5-coordination of the substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands and this coordination mode was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis of compound 4.We gratefully acknowledge financial support by DGICYT (ref. no. PB-97-0776), Iberdrola, and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie