68 research outputs found

    Design of Controlled Pre-Split Blasting in a Hydroelectric Construction Project

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    Geologic conditions and design requirements around upstream Nachtigal Falls, in Cameroon, for the hydroelectric construction project on the Sanaga River dictated close control of blasting procedures with very precise geometry to obtain safe and economical excavation lines. Various techniques of pre-split blasting were used in the initial stage of all major excavations. Hole diameters for pre-splitting were 89 mm, and hole spacing ranged from 0.8 to 1m. Explosive charges varied from 1 to 7 kg per hole, and the detonating cord linear charge ranged from 12 to 60g. The contour blasting technique is aimed at controlling overbreak and improving remaining slope stability. Over-break or over-excavation needs to be controlled since its occurrence compromises the operations in terms of safety (instability in the remaining slope; loosening rocks that increase the risk for operational people; an irregular free face for subsequent blasting); and costs (need for reinforcement of the remaining rock structure through costly sustainment systems; increase in concrete volumes in civil works). This paper discusses in detail the design and field implementation of pre-split blasts successfully carried out to achieve clean vertical walls in moderately dipping, though complexly sheared and jointed gneiss. Based on the results of the experiments, we were able to design a pre-splitting pattern both experimentally and in a very cost-effective manner. It is felt that the methods developed on this project could have useful applications on other major construction projects. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-05 Full Text: PD

    Starch and polyvinyl alcohol encapsulated biodegradable nanocomposites for environment friendly slow release of urea fertilizer

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    Low nitrogen (N) use efficiency from urea fertilizers due to environmental losses results in high cost of fertilizers for agricultural productions. Coating of urea with biodegradable polymers makes them effective for control and efficient N release. In this study, starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used in combination with acrylic acid (AA), citric acid (CA) and maleic acid (MA) for the coating of urea prills. Different formulations of the coating were prepared and applied on urea prills such as urea coated with starch (10%) and PVA (5%) with acrylic acid: 2, 4 and 6% (USP-A2, USP-A4, USP-A6), with citric acid: 2, 4 and 6% (USP-C2, USP-C4, USP-C6), and with maleic acid: 2, 4 and 6% (USP-M2, USP-M4, USP-M6). After urea coating in fluidized bed coater, all uncoated and coated urea samples were characterized by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), crushing strength and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The morphological and XRD analysis indicated that a new uniform coating with no new phase transformation occurred. Among all urea coated samples, USP-A2 and USP-C2 showed the highest crushing strengths: 12.08 and 13.67 N with nitrogen release efficiency of 70.10 and 50.74% respectively. All coated urea samples improved the spinach plants’ foliage yield, chlorophyll content, N-uptake and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) than uncoated urea and control plants. However, USP-A2 and USP-C2 provided promising results among all coated samples with dry foliage yield (2208 ± 92 and 2428 ± 83 kg/ha), chlorophyll (34 ± 0.6 and 34 ± 0.4 mg/g), N-uptake (88 ± 4 and 95 ± 6 kg/ha) and ANR (59 ± 4 and 67 ± 6%). Therefore, urea prills coated with a combination of biodegradable polymers can be a better choice for the farmers to enhance agronomical productions by controlling the fertilizer nutrient release rate

    Conception of phosphorus fertilizers based on biopolymers ËžImpact on soil properties

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    La majeure partie du phosphore (P) utilisĂ© dans les engrais provient de roches phosphatĂ©es, une ressource naturelle rare qui doit ĂȘtre prĂ©servĂ©e. Une option consiste en une meilleure optimisation de l'efficience d'utilisation du P par les plantes. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, des engrais phosphatĂ©s Ă  libĂ©ration contrĂŽlĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s avec des enrobants formulĂ©s Ă  base de polymĂšres pour rĂ©duire les interactions entre le P et les minĂ©raux du sol, et augmenter la synergie entre la libĂ©ration de P et les besoins des plantes. Toutefois, leur coĂ»t de production reste un frein majeur pour leur utilisation. De plus, la majoritĂ© des polymĂšres utilisĂ©s ne sont pas dĂ©gradables dans le sol. L'objectif de ma thĂšse est (1) d'utiliser des biopolymĂšres issus de dĂ©chets de biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale pour prĂ©parer des formulations d'enrobage (2) de tester ces enrobages sur des granules de triple superphosphate (TSP), de les caractĂ©riser et d'Ă©tudier leur dissolution dans l'eau, (3) d'Ă©valuer leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol mĂ©diterranĂ©en de grande culture. Les diffĂ©rents engrais enrobĂ©s formulĂ©s Ă  base de lignine extraite de grignons d'olive, de polysaccharides (carraghĂ©nane, carboxymethyl de sodium, d'alginate de sodium), et de plastifiants (polyĂ©thylĂšne glycol, glycĂ©rol) ont montrĂ© une libĂ©ration plus lente du P dans l'eau, comparĂ© aux engrais non enrobĂ©s. La vitesse de libĂ©ration du P dĂ©pend de l'Ă©paisseur de l'enrobant, de son Ă©lasticitĂ©, de son allongement, de son hydrophobicitĂ© et de son hygroscopie. Sur l'ensemble des formulations testĂ©es, les engrais enrobĂ©s Ă  base de lignine et de lignine-carraghĂ©nane prĂ©sentent la vitesse de libĂ©ration du P la plus lente. Une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă  ces deux formulations pour Ă©tudier leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol. Ces engrais enrobĂ©s, lors de leur dissolution dans un sol, acidifient lĂ©gĂšrement le sol et prĂ©sentent une distance de migration du P de 14 mm de diamĂštre. Les engrais non enrobĂ©s acidifient davantage le sol et prĂ©sentent une zone de migration du P plus Ă©tendu (21 mm de diamĂštre) et ce aprĂšs une mĂȘme durĂ©e de 28 jours. Cependant, aprĂšs 28 jours, l'enrobage des TSP n'a pas impactĂ© la disponibilitĂ© du P dans le sol. Cependant, les engrais enrobĂ©s tendent Ă  augmenter la concentration en P microbien du sol.Most of the phosphorus (P) used in fertilizers comes from phosphate rocks, a rare natural resource that must be preserved. One option is to better optimize the efficiency of P use by plants. For several years, controlled release phosphate fertilizers have been developed with polymers-based coatings to reduce the interactions between P and soil minerals and increase the synergy between P release and plant needs. However, their production cost remains a major obstacle to their use. Moreover, most of the polymers used are not degradable in the soil. The objective of my thesis is (1) to use biopolymers derived from vegetal biomass waste to prepare coating formulations (2) to test these coatings on triple superphosphate (TSP) granules, to characterize them and to study their dissolution in water, (3) to evaluate their effect on the properties of a Mediterranean field crop soil. The different coated fertilizers formulated based on lignin extracted from olive pomace, polysaccharides (carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl, sodium alginate), and plasticizers (polyethylene glycol, glycerol) showed a slower release of P in water, compared to uncoated fertilizers. The rate of P release depends on the thickness of the coating, its elasticity, its elongation, its hydrophobicity and its hygroscopy. Of all the formulations tested, coated fertilizers based on lignin and lignin-carrageenan had the slowest P release rate. Special attention was paid to these two formulations to study their effect on soil properties. These coated fertilizers, when dissolved in soil, slightly acidify the soil and have a P migration distance of 14 mm in diameter. Uncoated fertilizers further acidify the soil and have a larger P migration zone (21 mm in diameter) after the same 28-day period. However, after 28 days, the TSP coating did not affect the availability of P in the soil. However, coated fertilizers tend to increase the microbial P concentration in the soil

    Conception des engrais phosphatés à base de biopolymÚres ˞ Impact sur les propriétés d'un sol

    No full text
    Most of the phosphorus (P) used in fertilizers comes from phosphate rocks, a rare natural resource that must be preserved. One option is to better optimize the efficiency of P use by plants. For several years, controlled release phosphate fertilizers have been developed with polymers-based coatings to reduce the interactions between P and soil minerals and increase the synergy between P release and plant needs. However, their production cost remains a major obstacle to their use. Moreover, most of the polymers used are not degradable in the soil. The objective of my thesis is (1) to use biopolymers derived from vegetal biomass waste to prepare coating formulations (2) to test these coatings on triple superphosphate (TSP) granules, to characterize them and to study their dissolution in water, (3) to evaluate their effect on the properties of a Mediterranean field crop soil. The different coated fertilizers formulated based on lignin extracted from olive pomace, polysaccharides (carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl, sodium alginate), and plasticizers (polyethylene glycol, glycerol) showed a slower release of P in water, compared to uncoated fertilizers. The rate of P release depends on the thickness of the coating, its elasticity, its elongation, its hydrophobicity and its hygroscopy. Of all the formulations tested, coated fertilizers based on lignin and lignin-carrageenan had the slowest P release rate. Special attention was paid to these two formulations to study their effect on soil properties. These coated fertilizers, when dissolved in soil, slightly acidify the soil and have a P migration distance of 14 mm in diameter. Uncoated fertilizers further acidify the soil and have a larger P migration zone (21 mm in diameter) after the same 28-day period. However, after 28 days, the TSP coating did not affect the availability of P in the soil. However, coated fertilizers tend to increase the microbial P concentration in the soil.La majeure partie du phosphore (P) utilisĂ© dans les engrais provient de roches phosphatĂ©es, une ressource naturelle rare qui doit ĂȘtre prĂ©servĂ©e. Une option consiste en une meilleure optimisation de l'efficience d'utilisation du P par les plantes. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, des engrais phosphatĂ©s Ă  libĂ©ration contrĂŽlĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s avec des enrobants formulĂ©s Ă  base de polymĂšres pour rĂ©duire les interactions entre le P et les minĂ©raux du sol, et augmenter la synergie entre la libĂ©ration de P et les besoins des plantes. Toutefois, leur coĂ»t de production reste un frein majeur pour leur utilisation. De plus, la majoritĂ© des polymĂšres utilisĂ©s ne sont pas dĂ©gradables dans le sol. L'objectif de ma thĂšse est (1) d'utiliser des biopolymĂšres issus de dĂ©chets de biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale pour prĂ©parer des formulations d'enrobage (2) de tester ces enrobages sur des granules de triple superphosphate (TSP), de les caractĂ©riser et d'Ă©tudier leur dissolution dans l'eau, (3) d'Ă©valuer leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol mĂ©diterranĂ©en de grande culture. Les diffĂ©rents engrais enrobĂ©s formulĂ©s Ă  base de lignine extraite de grignons d'olive, de polysaccharides (carraghĂ©nane, carboxymethyl de sodium, d'alginate de sodium), et de plastifiants (polyĂ©thylĂšne glycol, glycĂ©rol) ont montrĂ© une libĂ©ration plus lente du P dans l'eau, comparĂ© aux engrais non enrobĂ©s. La vitesse de libĂ©ration du P dĂ©pend de l'Ă©paisseur de l'enrobant, de son Ă©lasticitĂ©, de son allongement, de son hydrophobicitĂ© et de son hygroscopie. Sur l'ensemble des formulations testĂ©es, les engrais enrobĂ©s Ă  base de lignine et de lignine-carraghĂ©nane prĂ©sentent la vitesse de libĂ©ration du P la plus lente. Une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă  ces deux formulations pour Ă©tudier leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol. Ces engrais enrobĂ©s, lors de leur dissolution dans un sol, acidifient lĂ©gĂšrement le sol et prĂ©sentent une distance de migration du P de 14 mm de diamĂštre. Les engrais non enrobĂ©s acidifient davantage le sol et prĂ©sentent une zone de migration du P plus Ă©tendu (21 mm de diamĂštre) et ce aprĂšs une mĂȘme durĂ©e de 28 jours. Cependant, aprĂšs 28 jours, l'enrobage des TSP n'a pas impactĂ© la disponibilitĂ© du P dans le sol. Cependant, les engrais enrobĂ©s tendent Ă  augmenter la concentration en P microbien du sol

    Conception des engrais phosphatés à base de biopolymÚres ˞ Impact sur les propriétés d'un sol

    No full text
    Most of the phosphorus (P) used in fertilizers comes from phosphate rocks, a rare natural resource that must be preserved. One option is to better optimize the efficiency of P use by plants. For several years, controlled release phosphate fertilizers have been developed with polymers-based coatings to reduce the interactions between P and soil minerals and increase the synergy between P release and plant needs. However, their production cost remains a major obstacle to their use. Moreover, most of the polymers used are not degradable in the soil. The objective of my thesis is (1) to use biopolymers derived from vegetal biomass waste to prepare coating formulations (2) to test these coatings on triple superphosphate (TSP) granules, to characterize them and to study their dissolution in water, (3) to evaluate their effect on the properties of a Mediterranean field crop soil. The different coated fertilizers formulated based on lignin extracted from olive pomace, polysaccharides (carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl, sodium alginate), and plasticizers (polyethylene glycol, glycerol) showed a slower release of P in water, compared to uncoated fertilizers. The rate of P release depends on the thickness of the coating, its elasticity, its elongation, its hydrophobicity and its hygroscopy. Of all the formulations tested, coated fertilizers based on lignin and lignin-carrageenan had the slowest P release rate. Special attention was paid to these two formulations to study their effect on soil properties. These coated fertilizers, when dissolved in soil, slightly acidify the soil and have a P migration distance of 14 mm in diameter. Uncoated fertilizers further acidify the soil and have a larger P migration zone (21 mm in diameter) after the same 28-day period. However, after 28 days, the TSP coating did not affect the availability of P in the soil. However, coated fertilizers tend to increase the microbial P concentration in the soil.La majeure partie du phosphore (P) utilisĂ© dans les engrais provient de roches phosphatĂ©es, une ressource naturelle rare qui doit ĂȘtre prĂ©servĂ©e. Une option consiste en une meilleure optimisation de l'efficience d'utilisation du P par les plantes. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, des engrais phosphatĂ©s Ă  libĂ©ration contrĂŽlĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s avec des enrobants formulĂ©s Ă  base de polymĂšres pour rĂ©duire les interactions entre le P et les minĂ©raux du sol, et augmenter la synergie entre la libĂ©ration de P et les besoins des plantes. Toutefois, leur coĂ»t de production reste un frein majeur pour leur utilisation. De plus, la majoritĂ© des polymĂšres utilisĂ©s ne sont pas dĂ©gradables dans le sol. L'objectif de ma thĂšse est (1) d'utiliser des biopolymĂšres issus de dĂ©chets de biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale pour prĂ©parer des formulations d'enrobage (2) de tester ces enrobages sur des granules de triple superphosphate (TSP), de les caractĂ©riser et d'Ă©tudier leur dissolution dans l'eau, (3) d'Ă©valuer leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol mĂ©diterranĂ©en de grande culture. Les diffĂ©rents engrais enrobĂ©s formulĂ©s Ă  base de lignine extraite de grignons d'olive, de polysaccharides (carraghĂ©nane, carboxymethyl de sodium, d'alginate de sodium), et de plastifiants (polyĂ©thylĂšne glycol, glycĂ©rol) ont montrĂ© une libĂ©ration plus lente du P dans l'eau, comparĂ© aux engrais non enrobĂ©s. La vitesse de libĂ©ration du P dĂ©pend de l'Ă©paisseur de l'enrobant, de son Ă©lasticitĂ©, de son allongement, de son hydrophobicitĂ© et de son hygroscopie. Sur l'ensemble des formulations testĂ©es, les engrais enrobĂ©s Ă  base de lignine et de lignine-carraghĂ©nane prĂ©sentent la vitesse de libĂ©ration du P la plus lente. Une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă  ces deux formulations pour Ă©tudier leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol. Ces engrais enrobĂ©s, lors de leur dissolution dans un sol, acidifient lĂ©gĂšrement le sol et prĂ©sentent une distance de migration du P de 14 mm de diamĂštre. Les engrais non enrobĂ©s acidifient davantage le sol et prĂ©sentent une zone de migration du P plus Ă©tendu (21 mm de diamĂštre) et ce aprĂšs une mĂȘme durĂ©e de 28 jours. Cependant, aprĂšs 28 jours, l'enrobage des TSP n'a pas impactĂ© la disponibilitĂ© du P dans le sol. Cependant, les engrais enrobĂ©s tendent Ă  augmenter la concentration en P microbien du sol

    Conception des engrais phosphatés à base de biopolymÚres ˞ Impact sur les propriétés d'un sol

    No full text
    Most of the phosphorus (P) used in fertilizers comes from phosphate rocks, a rare natural resource that must be preserved. One option is to better optimize the efficiency of P use by plants. For several years, controlled release phosphate fertilizers have been developed with polymers-based coatings to reduce the interactions between P and soil minerals and increase the synergy between P release and plant needs. However, their production cost remains a major obstacle to their use. Moreover, most of the polymers used are not degradable in the soil. The objective of my thesis is (1) to use biopolymers derived from vegetal biomass waste to prepare coating formulations (2) to test these coatings on triple superphosphate (TSP) granules, to characterize them and to study their dissolution in water, (3) to evaluate their effect on the properties of a Mediterranean field crop soil. The different coated fertilizers formulated based on lignin extracted from olive pomace, polysaccharides (carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl, sodium alginate), and plasticizers (polyethylene glycol, glycerol) showed a slower release of P in water, compared to uncoated fertilizers. The rate of P release depends on the thickness of the coating, its elasticity, its elongation, its hydrophobicity and its hygroscopy. Of all the formulations tested, coated fertilizers based on lignin and lignin-carrageenan had the slowest P release rate. Special attention was paid to these two formulations to study their effect on soil properties. These coated fertilizers, when dissolved in soil, slightly acidify the soil and have a P migration distance of 14 mm in diameter. Uncoated fertilizers further acidify the soil and have a larger P migration zone (21 mm in diameter) after the same 28-day period. However, after 28 days, the TSP coating did not affect the availability of P in the soil. However, coated fertilizers tend to increase the microbial P concentration in the soil.La majeure partie du phosphore (P) utilisĂ© dans les engrais provient de roches phosphatĂ©es, une ressource naturelle rare qui doit ĂȘtre prĂ©servĂ©e. Une option consiste en une meilleure optimisation de l'efficience d'utilisation du P par les plantes. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, des engrais phosphatĂ©s Ă  libĂ©ration contrĂŽlĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s avec des enrobants formulĂ©s Ă  base de polymĂšres pour rĂ©duire les interactions entre le P et les minĂ©raux du sol, et augmenter la synergie entre la libĂ©ration de P et les besoins des plantes. Toutefois, leur coĂ»t de production reste un frein majeur pour leur utilisation. De plus, la majoritĂ© des polymĂšres utilisĂ©s ne sont pas dĂ©gradables dans le sol. L'objectif de ma thĂšse est (1) d'utiliser des biopolymĂšres issus de dĂ©chets de biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale pour prĂ©parer des formulations d'enrobage (2) de tester ces enrobages sur des granules de triple superphosphate (TSP), de les caractĂ©riser et d'Ă©tudier leur dissolution dans l'eau, (3) d'Ă©valuer leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol mĂ©diterranĂ©en de grande culture. Les diffĂ©rents engrais enrobĂ©s formulĂ©s Ă  base de lignine extraite de grignons d'olive, de polysaccharides (carraghĂ©nane, carboxymethyl de sodium, d'alginate de sodium), et de plastifiants (polyĂ©thylĂšne glycol, glycĂ©rol) ont montrĂ© une libĂ©ration plus lente du P dans l'eau, comparĂ© aux engrais non enrobĂ©s. La vitesse de libĂ©ration du P dĂ©pend de l'Ă©paisseur de l'enrobant, de son Ă©lasticitĂ©, de son allongement, de son hydrophobicitĂ© et de son hygroscopie. Sur l'ensemble des formulations testĂ©es, les engrais enrobĂ©s Ă  base de lignine et de lignine-carraghĂ©nane prĂ©sentent la vitesse de libĂ©ration du P la plus lente. Une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă  ces deux formulations pour Ă©tudier leur effet sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'un sol. Ces engrais enrobĂ©s, lors de leur dissolution dans un sol, acidifient lĂ©gĂšrement le sol et prĂ©sentent une distance de migration du P de 14 mm de diamĂštre. Les engrais non enrobĂ©s acidifient davantage le sol et prĂ©sentent une zone de migration du P plus Ă©tendu (21 mm de diamĂštre) et ce aprĂšs une mĂȘme durĂ©e de 28 jours. Cependant, aprĂšs 28 jours, l'enrobage des TSP n'a pas impactĂ© la disponibilitĂ© du P dans le sol. Cependant, les engrais enrobĂ©s tendent Ă  augmenter la concentration en P microbien du sol

    Simulation et optimisation des systùmes de production de l’eau chaude sanitaire solaire

    No full text
    The world market for solar water heaters (SWH) is in great expansion. In fact, SWHs have become a challenging alternative system to gas and electric heating devices, because of their low CO2 emissions and their explicit involvement in the reduction of the building’s electric bills. L’institut de recherche en Ă©nergie solaire et Ă©nergies nouvelles (IRESEN-Morocco) is actually providing the necessary funding support to promote research and development field of SWHs in Morocco. Hence, in February 2016, SOL’R SHEMSY project has been defined in order to design and commercialize the first SWH integrating Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) with heat pipes, under the constraints of being accessible to the Moroccan public users. For the time being, several technologies of solar collectors with different brands are commercialized in Morocco such as flat plat collectors (FPC) and Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC), besides to thermosyphon and forced circulation SWHs to convert solar energy to thermal energy, in order to produce hot water with the temperature required in several applications (individual, collective, industrial and the tertiary applications). However, a serious challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer should be considered before importing SWHs with ETC into the Moroccan market from supplier countries such as China, Spain, Germany and Turkey described as the leading manufacturer of SWH in the world. Indeed, the imported SWHs in Morocco presented thermo-mechanical failure modes after a short period of use such as the limestone deposited inside the storage tanks, corrosion and cracking of their inner shell... Taking into account the challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer of SWHs in Morocco is necessary, because the conditions of use differ from one country to another in terms of climatic conditions, which can be summarized in solar radiations, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the percentage of humidity in the air. In addition, the consumer's random consumption profile usually affects the thermal efficiency of the collector field and the overall solar fraction of SWHs.The main aim of this thesis is to carry out numerical simulations and optimizations of SWHs taking into account the techno-economic context of Morocco and its intrinsic weather conditions. Two simulation approaches were used to achieve this purpose. The first approach was based on unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation in order to enhance the efficiency of the heat pipes integrated inside ETCs and to increase the thermal stratification indicators of horizontal thermal storage tanks with submerged heat pipes. Finally, improve the storage tank’s structure using thermo-mechanical coupling simulations. The second approach is based on dynamic simulations, which have been performed to assess and optimize the energy performance of a collective hot water process intended to produce domestic hot water (DHW) under the climatic conditions of Fez city located in Morocco. Indeed, several parameters have been considered, in particular the effect of the storage tank volume, the brands of collectors and their technology from different manufacturers, the connection between the solar panel and the overall surface of the ETC and FPC which constitute the collector field etc.Le marchĂ© mondial des chauffe-eau solaires (CES) est en essor. En effet, les CES sont devenus des systĂšmes compĂ©titifs aux appareils de chauffage par gaz naturel et Ă©nergie Ă©lectrique, en raison de leurs faibles Ă©missions de CO2 et de leur participation explicite Ă  la rĂ©duction des factures d'Ă©lectricitĂ© du consommateur marocain. Actuellement, l'Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles (IRESEN-Maroc) pourvoit le soutien financier nĂ©cessaire pour promouvoir la recherche et le dĂ©veloppement dans le domaine des CES au Maroc. Ainsi, en fĂ©vrier 2016, le projet SOL'R SHEMSY a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©fini pour concevoir et commercialiser le premier CES intĂ©grant la technologie des capteurs Ă  tubes sous vide (ETC) avec des caloducs, en rendant son acquisition accessible au sociale marocain. Il paraĂźt qu'Ă  l'heure actuelle, plusieurs technologies de capteurs solaires de marques diffĂ©rentes sont commercialisĂ©es au Maroc tels que les capteurs plan (FPC) et les capteurs Ă  tube sous vide (ETC), outre le thermosiphon et les CES Ă  circulation forcĂ©e pour convertir l'Ă©nergie solaire en une Ă©nergie thermique, afin de produire de l'eau chaude avec la tempĂ©rature requise dans plusieurs applications individuelles, collectives, industrielles et tertiaires. Cependant, une sĂ©rieuse problĂ©matique d'ajustement, d'intĂ©gration et de transfert technologique devrait ĂȘtre envisagĂ©e avant d'importer les CES Ă  capteur ETC munis de caloduc sur le marchĂ© marocain auprĂšs de pays fournisseurs tels que la Chine, l'Espagne, l'Allemagne et la Turquie considĂ©rĂ©s comme des leaders internationaux dans le domaine des CES. Car en effet, les CES importĂ©s au Maroc ont prĂ©sentĂ© des modes de dĂ©faillances thermomĂ©caniques aprĂšs une courte pĂ©riode d'utilisation, comme le dĂ©pĂŽt de calcaire Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des ballons de stockage, la corrosion et la fissuration de leur coque interne...Prendre en considĂ©ration la problĂ©matique d'ajustement, de l'intĂ©gration et du transfert technologique des CES au marchĂ© marocain est nĂ©cessaire, Ă©tant donnĂ© que les conditions d'utilisation diffĂšrent d'un pays Ă  un autre en termes de conditions climatiques, qui peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©sumĂ©es par l’amplitude de l’irradiation solaire, la tempĂ©rature ambiante, la vitesse du vent et le pourcentage de l’humiditĂ© dans l'air. Par ailleurs, le profil de consommation alĂ©atoire du consommateur affecte Ă  son tour l'efficacitĂ© thermique du champ de capteurs et la fraction solaire globale des CES.L'objectif principal de cette thĂšse est de mener des simulations numĂ©riques et des optimisations qui portent sur les CES, en prenant en compte le contexte technico-Ă©conomique du Maroc et ses conditions climatiques intrinsĂšques. Deux approches de simulation ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour atteindre cet objectif. La premiĂšre approche s’est basĂ©e sur des simulations numĂ©riques CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) instationnaires pour amĂ©liorer l'efficacitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique des caloducs intĂ©grĂ©s dans les ETC et d'augmenter les indicateurs de stratification thermique des ballons horizontaux dans lesquels les caloducs sont immergĂ©s. Enfin, d’amĂ©liorer la structure du rĂ©servoir du CES en utilisant des simulations qui permettent de modĂ©liser un couplage thermomĂ©canique. La deuxiĂšme approche est basĂ©e sur des simulations dynamiques, qui ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es pour Ă©valuer et optimiser la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique d'un systĂšme collectif destinĂ© Ă  produire de l'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) sous les conditions climatiques de la ville de FĂšs-Maroc. En effet, plusieurs paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s, en particulier l'effet du volume du rĂ©servoir de stockage, les marques des capteurs, leurs rendements et leurs technologies issues de diffĂ©rents fabricants, et finalement l’effet de la connexion sĂ©rie/parallĂšle et mixte entre les panneaux solaires (ETC et FPC) qui constituent le champ capteur, etc

    Simulation and optimization of solar domestic hot water production systems

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    Le marchĂ© mondial des chauffe-eau solaires (CES) est en essor. En effet, les CES sont devenus des systĂšmes compĂ©titifs aux appareils de chauffage par gaz naturel et Ă©nergie Ă©lectrique, en raison de leurs faibles Ă©missions de CO2 et de leur participation explicite Ă  la rĂ©duction des factures d'Ă©lectricitĂ© du consommateur marocain. Actuellement, l'Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles (IRESEN-Maroc) pourvoit le soutien financier nĂ©cessaire pour promouvoir la recherche et le dĂ©veloppement dans le domaine des CES au Maroc. Ainsi, en fĂ©vrier 2016, le projet SOL'R SHEMSY a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©fini pour concevoir et commercialiser le premier CES intĂ©grant la technologie des capteurs Ă  tubes sous vide (ETC) avec des caloducs, en rendant son acquisition accessible au sociale marocain. Il paraĂźt qu'Ă  l'heure actuelle, plusieurs technologies de capteurs solaires de marques diffĂ©rentes sont commercialisĂ©es au Maroc tels que les capteurs plan (FPC) et les capteurs Ă  tube sous vide (ETC), outre le thermosiphon et les CES Ă  circulation forcĂ©e pour convertir l'Ă©nergie solaire en une Ă©nergie thermique, afin de produire de l'eau chaude avec la tempĂ©rature requise dans plusieurs applications individuelles, collectives, industrielles et tertiaires. Cependant, une sĂ©rieuse problĂ©matique d'ajustement, d'intĂ©gration et de transfert technologique devrait ĂȘtre envisagĂ©e avant d'importer les CES Ă  capteur ETC munis de caloduc sur le marchĂ© marocain auprĂšs de pays fournisseurs tels que la Chine, l'Espagne, l'Allemagne et la Turquie considĂ©rĂ©s comme des leaders internationaux dans le domaine des CES. Car en effet, les CES importĂ©s au Maroc ont prĂ©sentĂ© des modes de dĂ©faillances thermomĂ©caniques aprĂšs une courte pĂ©riode d'utilisation, comme le dĂ©pĂŽt de calcaire Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des ballons de stockage, la corrosion et la fissuration de leur coque interne...Prendre en considĂ©ration la problĂ©matique d'ajustement, de l'intĂ©gration et du transfert technologique des CES au marchĂ© marocain est nĂ©cessaire, Ă©tant donnĂ© que les conditions d'utilisation diffĂšrent d'un pays Ă  un autre en termes de conditions climatiques, qui peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©sumĂ©es par l’amplitude de l’irradiation solaire, la tempĂ©rature ambiante, la vitesse du vent et le pourcentage de l’humiditĂ© dans l'air. Par ailleurs, le profil de consommation alĂ©atoire du consommateur affecte Ă  son tour l'efficacitĂ© thermique du champ de capteurs et la fraction solaire globale des CES.L'objectif principal de cette thĂšse est de mener des simulations numĂ©riques et des optimisations qui portent sur les CES, en prenant en compte le contexte technico-Ă©conomique du Maroc et ses conditions climatiques intrinsĂšques. Deux approches de simulation ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour atteindre cet objectif. La premiĂšre approche s’est basĂ©e sur des simulations numĂ©riques CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) instationnaires pour amĂ©liorer l'efficacitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique des caloducs intĂ©grĂ©s dans les ETC et d'augmenter les indicateurs de stratification thermique des ballons horizontaux dans lesquels les caloducs sont immergĂ©s. Enfin, d’amĂ©liorer la structure du rĂ©servoir du CES en utilisant des simulations qui permettent de modĂ©liser un couplage thermomĂ©canique. La deuxiĂšme approche est basĂ©e sur des simulations dynamiques, qui ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es pour Ă©valuer et optimiser la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique d'un systĂšme collectif destinĂ© Ă  produire de l'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) sous les conditions climatiques de la ville de FĂšs-Maroc. En effet, plusieurs paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s, en particulier l'effet du volume du rĂ©servoir de stockage, les marques des capteurs, leurs rendements et leurs technologies issues de diffĂ©rents fabricants, et finalement l’effet de la connexion sĂ©rie/parallĂšle et mixte entre les panneaux solaires (ETC et FPC) qui constituent le champ capteur, etc.The world market for solar water heaters (SWH) is in great expansion. In fact, SWHs have become a challenging alternative system to gas and electric heating devices, because of their low CO2 emissions and their explicit involvement in the reduction of the building’s electric bills. L’institut de recherche en Ă©nergie solaire et Ă©nergies nouvelles (IRESEN-Morocco) is actually providing the necessary funding support to promote research and development field of SWHs in Morocco. Hence, in February 2016, SOL’R SHEMSY project has been defined in order to design and commercialize the first SWH integrating Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) with heat pipes, under the constraints of being accessible to the Moroccan public users. For the time being, several technologies of solar collectors with different brands are commercialized in Morocco such as flat plat collectors (FPC) and Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC), besides to thermosyphon and forced circulation SWHs to convert solar energy to thermal energy, in order to produce hot water with the temperature required in several applications (individual, collective, industrial and the tertiary applications). However, a serious challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer should be considered before importing SWHs with ETC into the Moroccan market from supplier countries such as China, Spain, Germany and Turkey described as the leading manufacturer of SWH in the world. Indeed, the imported SWHs in Morocco presented thermo-mechanical failure modes after a short period of use such as the limestone deposited inside the storage tanks, corrosion and cracking of their inner shell... Taking into account the challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer of SWHs in Morocco is necessary, because the conditions of use differ from one country to another in terms of climatic conditions, which can be summarized in solar radiations, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the percentage of humidity in the air. In addition, the consumer's random consumption profile usually affects the thermal efficiency of the collector field and the overall solar fraction of SWHs.The main aim of this thesis is to carry out numerical simulations and optimizations of SWHs taking into account the techno-economic context of Morocco and its intrinsic weather conditions. Two simulation approaches were used to achieve this purpose. The first approach was based on unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation in order to enhance the efficiency of the heat pipes integrated inside ETCs and to increase the thermal stratification indicators of horizontal thermal storage tanks with submerged heat pipes. Finally, improve the storage tank’s structure using thermo-mechanical coupling simulations. The second approach is based on dynamic simulations, which have been performed to assess and optimize the energy performance of a collective hot water process intended to produce domestic hot water (DHW) under the climatic conditions of Fez city located in Morocco. Indeed, several parameters have been considered, in particular the effect of the storage tank volume, the brands of collectors and their technology from different manufacturers, the connection between the solar panel and the overall surface of the ETC and FPC which constitute the collector field etc

    CFD comparison of 2D and 3D aerodynamics in H-Darrieus prototype wake

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    In the present study, a comparative assessment is conducted to evaluate the outcomes derived from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models utilizing the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach. The focus lies on the aerodynamic performance of the H-Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine, which has been the subject of numerous numerical investigations since 2010. The k−ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is employed to replicate the flow structures evolving in the turbine wake.The maximum power coefficients attained through 2D and 3D modeling are reported as Cp=0.4016 and Cp=0.5734, respectively, at a tip speed ratio (λ) of 3.0976. The maximum 2D and 3D absolute errors, corresponding to the evaluation of the power coefficients, are determined to be 14.9714% and 29.1582%, respectively. These errors are calculated at λ=2.5183 and λ=3.0976. The parametric study conducted herein reveals that the range of the power coefficient enhancement, considering 3D aerodynamic effects, surpasses that obtained from 2D calculations. In 3D modeling, this range is delineated between λ=1.85 and λ=3.10, whereas, in 2D modeling, it is defined by the interval bounded by λ=2.05 and λ=3.10. The essential contours for comparing the 2D and 3D approaches and for characterizing the flow structures developing around the H-Darrieus turbine are generated and analyzed
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