Records of the marathon in Olympic Games for diffusion in Physical Education classes

Pautada em pesquisa documental, o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em investigar as alterações pelas quais a maratona passou ao longo dos anos, visando a difusão desse conhecimento, especialmente, em aulas de Educação Física. Entre as modificações estruturais, os atletas, as marcas e as curiosidades em torno de cada uma das edições olímpicas dessa prova, verificou-se, por exemplo, que inspirada em uma lenda grega, a prova da maratona foi incluída na programação dos Jogos Olímpicos Modernos, no masculino, em 1896 e no feminino, em 1984; foi disputada em distâncias e percursos diferentes e instaurou novas regras, a exemplo da "Norma Scheiss". Se esses são alguns dos aspectos identificados por essa pesquisa, outros também devem ser evidenciados, considerando que a história do esporte é um dos conteúdos que deveria ser ensinado em aulas de Educação Física.Basado en una pesquisa documental, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios por los cuales pasó el maratón en los últimos años con el objetivo de difundir este conocimiento, especialmente en clases de educación física. Entre los cambios estructurales, los atletas, las marcas y las curiosidades alrededor de cada una de las ediciones de este evento olímpico, se encontró, por ejemplo, que inspirado en una leyenda griega, el maratón fue incluido en la programación de los Juegos Olímpicos Modernos; el masculino en el año 1896, y el femenino en 1984. Fue disputado con diferentes distancias y recorridos, y se introdujeron nuevas normas, tales como las "Scheiss estándar." Si estas son algunas de las cuestiones señaladas por esta investigación, las demás también deben ser estudiadas, teniendo en cuenta que la historia de este deporte es uno de los contenidos que deben enseñarse en las clases de educación física.Based on documentary research, the purpose of this study was to investigate the modifications for which marathon passed along the years, aiming to disseminate such knowledge, especially in physical education classes. Among the structural changes, athletes, records and curiosities about each edition of this Olympic event, it was found, for example, that inspired by a Greek legend, the marathon was included in the program of the Modern Olympic Games for males, in 1896 and for females, in 1984; it was performance in different distances and routes; new rules were introduced, such as the "Standard Scheiss." If these are some of the issues identified by this research, others should be evident, considering that the history of the sport is one of the contents that should be taught in physical education classes

Simple bone cyst : description of 60 cases seen at a Brazilian School of Dentistry and review of international literature

The aim of this study was to describe the relative frequency and the main demographic and clinic-radiographic features related to patients diagnosed with Simple bone cyst (SBC) in an Oral Diagnosis Service in Southeast Brazil and present a review and discussion of international literature on this topic. SBC cases from our service encompassing the period between 1978 and 2017 were selected. In addition, a literature search was performed in the Pubmed/MEDLINE online electronic database published between 1951 and 2019. A total of 2,459 cystic lesions were documented in our service, thus 60 patients were diagnosed with the SBC representing 2.4% of all jaw cystic. Most of cases were asymptomatic. Multiple SBC lesions were seen in two patients (3.4%) and association with cemento-osseous dysplasia was seen in one female patient (1.7%). A total of 793 cases were enrolled in this literature review. The SBC is an asymptomatic lesion often discovered in routine image exams in young patients. The unilocular, well defined margin with scalloped appearance is characteristic and helps the definition of diagnosis. This review suggests a different epidemiologic trend concerning to the sex and it confirms the posterior region of mandible as the more frequent location. The conservative treatment with limited exploration and curettage remains as the gold-standard treatment

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Educafarma 10.0

Memoria ID-030. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2021-2022

Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (USMR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71.2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval WI] 68.3-74-0) in 2000 to 37.1 (33.2-41.7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28.0 deaths per 1000 live births (26.8-29-5) in 2000 to 17.9 (16.3-19-8) in 2019. In 2019,136 (67%) of 204 countries had a USMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030,154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9.65 million (95% UI 9.05-10.30) in 2000 and 5.05 million (4.27-6.02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3.76 million 95% UI 3.53-4.021) in 2000 to 48% (2.42 million; 2.06-2.86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0.80 (95% UI 0.71-0.86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1.44 (95% UI 1-27-1.58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1.87 million (95% UI 1-35-2.58; 37% 95% UI 32-43]) of 5.05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve USMR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

O salto com vara na escola: subsídios para o seu ensino a partir de uma perspectiva histórica

Oriundo de atividades realizadas na natureza, o salto com vara, até chegar à forma esportiva pela qual é conhecido atualmente, passou por diversas modificações que merecem ser conhecidas. A fim de disseminar esse conhecimento em aulas de Educação Física, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a possibilidade e as contribuições do ensino do salto com vara a partir de sua história, no campo escolar. Após ampla pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a história do salto com vara, foi organizado um texto concentrando informações e imagens sobre os principais atletas e marcas, bem como sobre as modificações ocorridas nas técnicas e nos implementos dessa prova. Numa segunda etapa, foram elaboradas oito aulas de Educação Física visando o ensino do salto com vara na escola. Com base na pesquisa-ação, a aplicação das aulas com uma turma de 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental de uma Escola Pública da cidade de Rio Claro, demonstrou a viabilidade do ensino do salto com vara a partir de sua história. Espera-se que os resultados provenientes da pesquisa bibliográfica e das aulas de aplicação possam subsidiar o trabalho de outros professores de Educação Física, interessados no ensino do salto com vara na escola.Stemming from activities accomplished in the nature, the pole vault, until reaching the sporting pattern as it is known nowadays, passed through several modifications that deserve to be known. In order to disseminate that knowledge in Physical Education Classes, this research had as a purpose verify the possibility and the pole vault teaching contributions from its history on, in the school field. After wide bibliographical research on the pole vault history, a text was organized centralizing information and images on the main athletes and marks, as well as on the modifications happened in that proof techniques and implements. In a second stage, eight Physical Education Classes were elaborated taking aim the pole vault teaching at school. Based on the action research, the classes application in the 8th series group at Fundamental Education belonging to a Public School in Rio Claro city, showed the pole vault teaching viability from its history on. We expect that the proceeding results from the bibliographical research and from the application classes can subsidize the work belonging to other Physical Education teachers interested in the pole vault teaching at school