Comparison of GC and HPLC for quantification of organic acids in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit varieties

Gas chromatography (GC) with trimethylsilyl derivative formation was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantification of organic acids (OAs) in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit (pulp and pericarp) varieties (Sabará and Açu Paulista). Succinic and citric acids were the major OAs found in all the samples analyzed. Besides being much more tedious, the results obtained with GC were significantly lower than HPLC (p<0.05) when the data (acids, variety, two parts and flowering days) were considered together. The presence of both acids was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

p-Sulfonic acid calixarenes as efficient and reusable organocatalysts for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones

AbstractA new and efficient methodology is proposed for obtaining 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones through Biginelli reactions. It is based on the use of less than the stoichiometric amount of p-sulfonic acid calixarenes as organocatalysts. A number of aromatic aldehydes as well as urea or thiourea can be employed for successfully synthesizing the corresponding Biginelli adducts. The described methodology is devoid of metal-containing catalysts, which in turn is very attractive for safely producing 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/-thiones of pharmacological interest. In addition, the catalyst efficiency is not compromised after its successive use in reactions. This is the first report about the application of calixarenes as catalysts in the multicomponent Biginelli reaction

Like-Triple Diabetes as First Manifestation of MODY2 in an Overweight Teenager With Transient Multiple Antibodies. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: e66-e67

Ctr Referencia Estadual Assistencia Ao Diabet & E, Salvador, BA, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Diabet, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Diabet, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

A unified power converter for solar PV and energy storage in dc microgrids

This paper deals with the development and experimental validation of a unified power converter for application in dc microgrids, contemplating the inclusion of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and energy storage systems (ESS), namely batteries. Considering the limitations presented by the current structure of the power grid, mostly highlighted by the accentuated integration of emerging technologies (ESS, renewables, electric vehicles, and electrical appliances that natively operate in dc), it is extremely pertinent to adopt new topologies, architectures, and paradigms. In particular, decentralized power systems, unified topologies, and correspondent control algorithms are representative of a new trend towards a reduction in the number of power converters. Thus, the developed solution is designed to operaSAVE-15te at a nominal power of 3.6 kW, with a switching frequency of 100 kHz, and in four operation modes concerning power flow: (i) solar PV panels to batteries (PV2B); (ii) solar PV panels to dc grid (PV2G); (iii) batteries to dc grid (B2G); (iv) dc grid to batteries (G2B). Moreover, a dual active bridge converter guarantees galvanic isolation, while two back-end dc–dc converters are responsible for interfacing solar PV panels and batteries. The experimental validation of the proposed unified power converter proves its application value to self-consumption production units.This work has been supported by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020. This work has been supported by the MEGASOLAR Project POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047220

Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates

[EN] Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential.This work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council, Regional Research Fund-RFF-NORD -https://www. regionaleforskningsfond.no/ -(Grant no. 248028, VP at Nofima as project coordinator) and the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, (UiT) the Arctic University of Norway. The funder provided support in the form of salary for one author [VP] but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this and other authors are articulated in the "author contributions" section. Publication charges for the article were provided by the Open Access publication fund of UiT, the Arctic University of Norway.Martínez-Llorens, S.; Peruzzi, S.; Falk-Petersen, I.; Godoy-Olmos, S.; Olav Ulleberg, L.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Puvanendran, V.... (2021). Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates. PLoS ONE. 16(1):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245216S128161Benfey, T. J. (2015). Effectiveness of triploidy as a management tool for reproductive containment of farmed fish: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a case study. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(3), 264-282. doi:10.1111/raq.12092Lijalad, M., & Powell, M. D. (2009). Effects of lower jaw deformity on swimming performance and recovery from exhaustive exercise in triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Aquaculture, 290(1-2), 145-154. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.039Benfey, T. J. (1999). The Physiology and Behavior of Triploid Fishes. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 7(1), 39-67. doi:10.1080/10641269991319162Peruzzi, S., Hagen, Ø., & Jobling, M. (2014). Gut morphology of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture International, 23(4), 1105-1108. doi:10.1007/s10499-014-9867-2Cantas, L., Fraser, T. W., Fjelldal, P. G., Mayer, I., & Sørum, H. (2011). The culturable intestinal microbiota of triploid and diploid juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) - a comparison of composition and drug resistance. BMC Veterinary Research, 7(1), 71. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-7-71Benhaïm, D., Leblanc, C. A. L., Horri, K., Mannion, K., Galloway, M., Leeper, A., … Thorarensen, H. (2020). The effect of triploidy on the performance, gut microbiome and behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) raised at low temperature. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 229, 105031. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105031Van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Krogdahl, Å., Olli, J. J., Hendriks, H. G. C. J. M., & Koninkx, J. G. J. F. (1991). Effects of soybean-containing diets on the proximal and distal intestine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): a morphological study. Aquaculture, 94(4), 297-305. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90174-6Krogdahl, Å., Bakke-McKellep, A. M., & Baeverfjord, G. (2003). Effects of graded levels of standard soybean meal on intestinal structure, mucosal enzyme activities, and pancreatic response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 361-371. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00264.xURÁN, P. A., SCHRAMA, J. W., JAAFARI, S., BAARDSEN, G., ROMBOUT, J. H. W. M., KOPPE, W., & VERRETH, J. A. J. (2009). Variation in commercial sources of soybean meal influences the severity of enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(5), 492-499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00615.xMoldal, T., Løkka, G., Wiik-Nielsen, J., Austbø, L., Torstensen, B. E., Rosenlund, G., … Koppang, E. O. (2014). 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Dietary phosphorous and protein supplementation enhances seawater growth and reduces severity of vertebral malformation in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 451, 357-368. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.10.001Sambraus, F., Hansen, T., Daae, B. S., Thorsen, A., Sandvik, R., Stien, L. H., … Fjelldal, P. G. (2020). Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development. Journal of Fish Biology, 97(1), 137-147. doi:10.1111/jfb.14338Taylor, J. F., Vera, L. M., De Santis, C., Lock, E.-J., Espe, M., Skjærven, K. H., … Tocher, D. R. (2019). The effect of micronutrient supplementation on growth and hepatic metabolism in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr fed a low marine ingredient diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 227, 106-121. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.004Vera, L. M., Lock, E.-J., Hamre, K., Migaud, H., Leeming, D., Tocher, D. R., & Taylor, J. F. (2019). Enhanced micronutrient supplementation in low marine diets reduced vertebral malformation in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, and increased vertebral expression of bone biomarker genes in diploids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 237, 110327. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110327Refstie, S., Olli, J. J., & Standal, H. (2004). Feed intake, growth, and protein utilisation by post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in response to graded levels of fish protein hydrolysate in the diet. Aquaculture, 239(1-4), 331-349. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.06.015Yúfera, M., Moyano, F. J., Astola, A., Pousão-Ferreira, P., & Martínez-Rodríguez, G. (2012). Acidic Digestion in a Teleost: Postprandial and Circadian Pattern of Gastric pH, Pepsin Activity, and Pepsinogen and Proton Pump mRNAs Expression. 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Improving weaning strategies for Senegalese sole: effects of body weight and digestive capacity. Aquaculture Research, 38(7), 696-707. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01701.xCahu, C., Rønnestad, I., Grangier, V., & Zambonino Infante, J. L. (2004). Expression and activities of pancreatic enzymes in developing sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax) in relation to intact and hydrolyzed dietary protein; involvement of cholecystokinin. Aquaculture, 238(1-4), 295-308. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.013Espe, M., Sveier, H., Høgøy, I., & Lied, E. (1999). Nutrient absorption and growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed fish protein concentrate. Aquaculture, 174(1-2), 119-137. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00502-xOlsen, R. L., & Toppe, J. (2017). Fish silage hydrolysates: Not only a feed nutrient, but also a useful feed additive. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 66, 93-97. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.003Rønnestad, I., Yúfera, M., Ueberschär, B., Ribeiro, L., Saele, Ø., & Boglione, C. (2013). Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5, S59-S98. doi:10.1111/raq.12010Savoie, A., Le François, N. R., Lamarre, S. G., Blier, P. U., Beaulieu, L., & Cahu, C. (2011). Dietary protein hydrolysate and trypsin inhibitor effects on digestive capacities and performances during early-stages of spotted wolffish: Suggested mechanisms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 158(4), 525-530. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.12.017Blier, P. ., Lemieux, H., & Devlin, R. . (2002). Is the growth rate of fish set by digestive enzymes or metabolic capacity of the tissues? Insight from transgenic coho salmon. Aquaculture, 209(1-4), 379-384. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00807-9Kolkovski, & Tandler. (2000). The use of squid protein hydrolysate as a protein source in microdiets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata larvae. 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Use of a gastrointestinal model to assess potential amino acid bioavailability in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorrhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 384-387, 46-55. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.12.008Verdi, L. G., Brighente, I. M. C., & Pizzolatti, M. G. (2005). Gênero Baccharis (Asteraceae): aspectos químicos, econômicos e biológicos. Química Nova, 28(1), 85-94. doi:10.1590/s0100-40422005000100017Anson, M. L. (1938). THE ESTIMATION OF PEPSIN, TRYPSIN, PAPAIN, AND CATHEPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN. Journal of General Physiology, 22(1), 79-89. doi:10.1085/jgp.22.1.79Dı́az-López, M., Moyano-López, F. J., Alarcón-López, F. J., Garcı́a-Carreño, F. L., & Navarrete del Toro, M. A. (1998). Characterization of fish acid proteases by substrate–gel electrophoresis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 121(4), 369-377. doi:10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10123-2Erlanger, B. F., Kokowsky, N., & Cohen, W. (1961). The preparation and properties of two new chromogenic substrates of trypsin. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 95(2), 271-278. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(61)90145-xRibeiro, L., Moura, J., Santos, M., Colen, R., Rodrigues, V., Bandarra, N., … Dias, J. (2015). Effect of vegetable based diets on growth, intestinal morphology, activity of intestinal enzymes and haematological stress indicators in meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture, 447, 116-128. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.017Verdile, N., Pasquariello, R., Scolari, M., Scirè, G., Brevini, T. A. L., & Gandolfi, F. (2020). A Detailed Study of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Intestine Revealed That Digestive and Absorptive Functions Are Not Linearly Distributed along Its Length. Animals, 10(4), 745. doi:10.3390/ani10040745Peruzzi, S., Jobling, M., Falk-Petersen, I.-B., Lein, I., & Puvanendran, V. (2013). Gut morphology of diploid and triploid Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(5), 1104-1108. doi:10.1111/jai.12210Rungruangsak-Torrissen, K., & Manoonpong, P. (2019). Neural computational model GrowthEstimate: A model for studying living resources through digestive efficiency. PLOS ONE, 14(8), e0216030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216030Rungruangsak-Torrissen, K., Moss, R., Andresen, L. H., Berg, A., & Waagbø, R. (2006). Different expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in relation to growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 32(1), 7-23. doi:10.1007/s10695-005-0630-5Ditlecadet, D., Blier, P. U., Le François, N. R., & Dufresne, F. (2009). Digestive capacities, inbreeding and growth capacities in juvenile Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus. Journal of Fish Biology, 75(10), 2695-2708. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02468.xLemieux, H., Blier, P., & Dutil, J.-D. (1999). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 20(4), 293-303. doi:10.1023/a:1007791019523Lazo, J. P., Mendoza, R., Holt, G. 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The effect of postprandial changes in pH along the gastrointestinal tract on the distribution of ions between the solid and fluid phases of chyme in rainbow trout. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(3), 282-296. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00593.xKrogdahl, Å., Sundby, A., & Holm, H. (2015). Characteristics of digestive processes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Enzyme pH optima, chyme pH, and enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 449, 27-36. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.02.032Lallès, J. (2019). Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the gastrointestinal tract of fish: biology, ontogeny, and environmental and nutritional modulation. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 555-581. doi:10.1111/raq.12340Chen, K. T., Malo, M. S., Beasley-Topliffe, L. K., Poelstra, K., Millan, J. L., Mostafa, G., … Hodin, R. A. (2010). A Role for Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in the Maintenance of Local Gut Immunity. 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Journal of Fish Biology, 37(1), 125-133. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05934.xSwanepoel, J. C., & Goosen, N. J. (2018). Evaluation of fish protein hydrolysates in juvenile African catf

Vertical Distribution of Leaves and Stems on the Sward and Forage Intake by Lambs in Tifton-85 Pasture

Sward characteristics affect the performance of grazing livestock, especially for the youngest animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the vertical distribution of leaves and stems on the sward and the forage intake parameters of lambs in four sheep meat production systems grazing a Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) cv. Tifton-85 pasture

Síntesis y caracterización de calix[4]areno funcionalizado con grupos sulfónicos incluido en una matriz de silice-titania

Se reporta la síntesis de nuevos materiales sólidos constituidos por una matriz de sílice, titania y mixta de sílice-titania conteniendo ácido p-sulfónico calix[4]areno en su estructura llevados a cabo mediante la técnica sol-gel. La morfología, composición y características ácidas de los sólidos obtenidos fueron determinadas mediante técnicas de caracterización: difracción de rayos X, espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier, titulación potenciométrica, adsorción/desorción de nitrógeno y microscopias electrónicas de barrido y transmisión. Los materiales preparados, gracias a contener en su estructura ácido p-sulfónico calix[4]areno, presentan prometedoras aplicaciones en el campo de la catálisis heterogénea, para la síntesis de compuestos orgánicos.The synthesis of new solids constituted by a silica, tinania, and silica-titania matrix, containing p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene is reported. The samples were prepared by the sol-gel process. The morphology, composition and acid characteristics of the obtained solids were elucidated by many techniques, such as X ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, adsorption/desorption of nitrogen and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The samples have promising application in the heterogeneous catalysis field, especially in organic synthesis, since they contain p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene in the structure.Fil: Colombo Migliorero, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Bonilla Castañeda, Sandra M.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Química.; BrasilFil: Fernandes, Sergio A.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Química.; BrasilFil: Palermo, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Patricia Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Romanelli, Gustavo Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.agrarias y Forestales. Centro de Investigacion En Sanidad Vegetal.; Argentin