Continuous light reverts physical exercise effects on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine in rats

Colon cancer risk is reduced by appropriate levels of physical exercise. Light exposure during the night conveys endocrine changes on melatonin rhythm produced by pineal gland. This hormone is considered as a potent anti-oxidant with oncostatic properties. Both factors are related to colon cancer, which risk can be estimated by the evaluation of pre-malignant factors of colonic mucosa such as the Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF). This study aims to verify whether the beneficial effects of physical exercise are related to the activity of the pineal gland. Thus, 40 rats were divided into 5 groups: G0, G1 and G2 were sedentary, G3 and G4 were submitted to a protocol of progressive swimming exercise for 10 weeks. All groups, except G0, received 4 injections of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH), 40mg/kg, in the first 2 weeks. At the end of protocol, samples were collected from liver and colon for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by Anova test, followed by Tukey\u27s post hoc (pG4), p0.05) among the experimental groups. This study emphasizes the suppressive effects of melatonin in early markers of colonic carcinogenesis and shows for the first time that the benefits of exercise may be reverted by a reduced activity of the pineal gland

Effects of single weekly bout of exercise on cell proliferation during the rat colon carcinogenesis

There is evidence that the risk of colon cancer is reduced by appropriate levels of physical exercise. However, the effects of single weekly bout of exercise are largely unknown. Our aim was to verify the effects of exercise once a week (1d-wk-1) and daily exercise training (5d-wk-1) in rats treated with the carcinogen 1-2- Dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH). Forty-two Wistar rats were used in the experiment. The groups G1 and G2 were sedentary (controls), the groups G1A and G2A were submitted 1d-wk-1 of swimming, and G1B and G2B were submitted 5d-wk-1 of swimming training for 8 weeks. The groups G2, G2A and G2B were treated with DMH two weeks after the start of exercise protocols. The rats were sacrificed three days after the swimming protocols and the colon was processed for immunohistochemistry with staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A statistical analysis was performed by Anova test, followed by a post hoc Tukey’s (p\u3c0.05). The G2B presented a significant reduction of the PCNA-Li (PCNA-Labeling index) of the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa when compared with the G2 (p\u3c0.001), showing a PCNA-Li similar to the group G1. The group G2A presented a reduction of the PCNA-Li when compared with the group G2 (0.05436 to 0.01760, p\u3c0.001); however it still remained higher than group in the group G1. From our findings, we conclude that a single weekly bout of exercise significantly attenuate the DMH-related increase in epithelial cell proliferation during the rat colon carcinogenesis, but in a less intensive proportion than the daily exercise training

Aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil: um estudo ecológico / Epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis in the central-west region of Brazil: an ecological study

A tuberculose no cenário hodierno representa um dos maiores desafios a serem combatidos no âmbito da saúde pública, sendo a segunda causa de morte mundial do grupo de doenças infecto-contagiosas. A qual é uma doença crônica e necrosante que pode apresentar-se na forma pulmonar e/ou extrapulmonar. Sua etiologia se deve ao bacilo álcool – ácido – resistente (BAAR), Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nos últimos anos, a região Centro-Oeste tem apresentado alta ocorrência de tuberculose, dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, entre os anos de 2015 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de caráter observacional, transversal e quantitativo, com dados obtidos por meio da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), do Ministério da Saúde (MS) e, principalmente, pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan Net) disponibilizado pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Os fatores de inclusão foram casos notificados de tuberculose, faixa etária, escolaridade, etnia, sexo e a coinfecção com HIV, entre 2015 a 2020, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Além disso, avaliou-se ainda nesse estudo a prevalência lápsica, incidência, taxa de mortalidade e percentual de recidiva da tuberculose no período proposto. Foram confirmados 25.415 casos de tuberculose entre 2015 a 2020 no Centro-Oeste. Nesse mesmo período, a maior prevalência lápsica de tuberculose foi de 28,24 casos por 100 mil habitantes em 2018 e a menor prevalência lápsica de tuberculose foi de 24,95 casos por 100 mil habitantes no ano de 2020. E a maior incidência de tuberculose também foi no ano de 2018, sendo está 22,77 casos por 100 mil habitantes e a menor incidência de 19,85 foi no ano de 2020. Todavia, apesar de 2020 apresentar a menor incidência e prevalência em relação aos outros anos avaliados, este foi o ano com maior taxa de mortalidade por tuberculose, a qual foi de 1,04 por 100 mil habitantes. No ano de 2017 houve o maior número de casos, e a maior prevalência lápsica por 100 mil habitantes de pacientes com HIV e tuberculose. Ademais, no ano de 2017 também ocorreu o maior percentual de recidiva. O perfil dos pacientes mais afetados foram entre 25 a 34 anos, com 5ª a 8ª série incompleta, etnia parda e sexo masculino. A tuberculose apresenta um perfil epidemiológico bem definido, permitindo o estabelecimento de políticas públicas de saúde direcionadas aos perfis mais vulneráveis, necessário para o controle da doença no Centro-Oeste do país

Câncer de Mama em mulheres no Brasil: epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento: uma revisão narrativa

O câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea associada a fatores genéticos e ambientais que acomete essencialmente mulheres, sendo o tipo de câncer mais incidente nessa população no Brasil e no mundo. Sua principal manifestação clínica da doença é nódulo (caroço) fixo na mama e/ou axila, geralmente indolor. Geralmente os aspectos avaliados para determinar o prognóstico são: anatômicos, patológicos endócrinos, fatores de crescimento tumoral e fatores de metástases específicos para os diferentes órgãos. Essa revisão narrativa tem como objetivo compreender os aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos do câncer mama. Em relação a epidemiologia, o câncer de mama é a primeira causa de mortalidade por câncer na população feminina no país, sendo a Região Sudeste e Sul, as áreas com maiores estimativas. Os sintomas mais frequentes nesse tipo de câncer são: dor, nódulo mamário, telorreia e tumor axilar. O tratamento do câncer de mama pode ser classificado em local (cirurgia com ou sem reconstrução mamária e radioterapia) e sistêmico (quimioterapia, hormonioterapia e terapia alvo). O método de diagnóstico por imagem mais usado é a mamografia devido ao baixo custo, acessibilidade e eficácia em detectar lesões pequenas e impalpáveis. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa aprimorar o conhecimento técnico científico dos profissionais e gestores de saúde em aos aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos do câncer de mama para desse modo detectar casos precoces com bom prognóstico

Endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 in adults: a systematic review

Introduction: During the pandemic, occurrences of thromboembolic complications and endothelial dysfunctions associated with COVID-19 were observed. Thus, the pathophysiology of the mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. Methods: Aiming at a better understanding of the associated mechanisms of endothelial function due to COVID-19, a systematic review was developeded out using index databases and a selection process in which the inclusion criteria were articles that addressed the mechanism of thrombotic events by endothelium dysfunction and publications that associate COVID-19 with thrombotic complications in adults up to 59 years of age. Conclusion: SARS CoV 2 is associated with altered endothelial function by endothelial mechanisms induced by direct viral infection and injury, leading to changes in the angiotensin II/AT1 axis and inflammatory response.Introduction: During the pandemic, occurrences of thromboembolic complications and endothelial dysfunctions associated with COVID-19 were observed. Thus, the pathophysiology of the mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. Methods: Aiming at a better understanding of the associated mechanisms of endothelial function due to COVID-19, a systematic review was developeded out using index databases and a selection process in which the inclusion criteria were articles that addressed the mechanism of thrombotic events by endothelium dysfunction and publications that associate COVID-19 with thrombotic complications in adults up to 59 years of age. Conclusion: SARS CoV 2 is associated with altered endothelial function by endothelial mechanisms induced by direct viral infection and injury, leading to changes in the angiotensin II/AT1 axis and inflammatory response

Enzymatic inhibition studies of selected flavonoids and chemosystematic significance of polymethoxylated flavonoids and quinoline alkaloids in Neoraputia (Rutaceae)

Our taxonomic interest in the Neoraputia stimulated an investigation of N. paraensis searching for alkaloids. Fractions were monitored by ¹H NMR and ESI-MS/MS and only those which showed features of anthranilate alkaloids and flavonoids absent in the previous investigations were examined. Stems afforded the alkaloids flindersine, skimmianine, 8-methoxyflindersine and dictamnine; leaves yielded 3',4',7,8-tetramethoxy-5,6-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-flavone, 3',4',5,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, 3',4'-methylenedioxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone. The alkaloids have remained undiscovered for 10 years. A number of flavonoids isolated from N. paraensis, N. magnifica, Murraya paniculata, Citrus sinensis graft (Rutaceae), Lonchocarpus montanus (Leguminosae) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Highly oxygenated flavones and isoflavone were the most actives.Nosso interesse quimiotaxonômico sobre Neoraputia nos estimulou a examinar N. paraensis, visando a busca de alcalóides. As frações foram monitoradas via RMN ¹H e ESI-EM/EM e foram analisadas somente aquelas cujos espectros apresentavam características de alcalóides do ácido antranílico e flavonóides não isolados anteriormente. Foram isolados do caule os alcalóides flindersina, skimmianina, 8-metoxiflindersina e dictamnina; das folhas os flavonóides 3',4',7,8-tetrametoxi-5,6-(2,2-dimetilpirano)-flavona, 3',4',5,7,8-pentametoxiflavona, 5-hidroxi-3',4',6,7-tetrametoxiflavona, 3',4'-metilenodioxi-5,6,7-trimetoxiflavona e 5-hidroxi-3',4'-metilenodioxi-6,7-dimetoxiflavona,. Os alcalóides do ácido antranílico não foram encontrados em dez anos. Vários flavonóides isolados de N. paraensis, N. magnifica, Murraya paniculata, enxerto de Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) e Lonchocarpus montanus (Leguminosae) foram testados frente a gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi, visando verificar seus potenciais em inibir a atividade da enzima. Os flavonóides polimetoxilados e um isoflavonóide foram os mais ativos.380387Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost